Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated Fe(3)O(4)@CeO(2) Composite Nanoparticles for a Target-Oriented Multifunctional Drug Delivery System

This study is based on the principle that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)) can be used to target a specific area given that their magnetic properties emerge when an external magnetic field is applied. Cerium oxide (CeO(2)), which causes oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the environment of tumor cells, was synthesized on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to produce nanoparticles that selectively kill cancer cells. In addition, hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated on the cerium’s surface to target CD44-overexpressing tumor cells, and (nat)Zr was chelated on the Fe(3)O(4)@CeO(2) surface to show the usefulness of labeling the radioisotope (89)Zr (T1/2 = 3.3 d). The synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)@CeO(2) was confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission-Transmission Electron Microscope (FE-TEM). The coating of HA was confirmed by FT-IR, X-ray Photoelectron. Spectroscopy (XPS), FE-TEM, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The sizes of the prepared nanoparticles were confirmed through FE-TEM and Field Emission-Scanning Electron (FE-SEM) (sizes of 15 to 30 nm), and it was confirmed that (nat)Zr was introduced onto the surface of the nanoparticles using EDS. The particle size of the dispersed material was limited through Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to about 148 nm in aqueous solution, which was suitable for the (enhanced permeation and retention) EPR effect. It was confirmed that the HA-coated nanoparticles have good dispersibility. Finally, a cytotoxicity evaluation confirmed the ability of CeO(2) to generate ROS and target the delivery of HA. In conclusion, Fe(3)O(4)@CeO(2) can effectively inhibit cancer cells through the activity of cerium oxide in the body when synthesized in nano-sized superparamagnetic coral iron that has magnetic properties. Subsequently, by labeling the radioactive isotope (89)Zr, it is possible to create a theranostic drug delivery system that can be used for cancer diagnosis.