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Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that chronically infects a third of humans. It can cause life-threatening encephalitis in immune-compromised individuals. Congenital infection also results in blindness and intellectual disabilities. In the intracellular milieu, parasites encou...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8467511/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090988 |
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author | Tomita, Tadakimi Guevara, Rebekah B. Shah, Lamisha M. Afrifa, Andrews Y. Weiss, Louis M. |
author_facet | Tomita, Tadakimi Guevara, Rebekah B. Shah, Lamisha M. Afrifa, Andrews Y. Weiss, Louis M. |
author_sort | Tomita, Tadakimi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that chronically infects a third of humans. It can cause life-threatening encephalitis in immune-compromised individuals. Congenital infection also results in blindness and intellectual disabilities. In the intracellular milieu, parasites encounter various immunological effectors that have been shaped to limit parasite infection. Parasites not only have to suppress these anti-parasitic inflammatory responses but also ensure the host organism’s survival until their subsequent transmission. Recent advancements in T. gondii research have revealed a plethora of parasite-secreted proteins that suppress as well as activate immune responses. This mini-review will comprehensively examine each secreted immunomodulatory effector based on the location of their actions. The first section is focused on secreted effectors that localize to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the interface between the parasites and the host cytoplasm. Murine hosts are equipped with potent IFNγ-induced immune-related GTPases, and various parasite effectors subvert these to prevent parasite elimination. The second section examines several cytoplasmic and ER effectors, including a recently described function for matrix antigen 1 (MAG1) as a secreted effector. The third section covers the repertoire of nuclear effectors that hijack transcription factors and epigenetic repressors that alter gene expression. The last section focuses on the translocation of dense-granule effectors and effectors in the setting of T. gondii tissue cysts (the bradyzoite parasitophorous vacuole). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8467511 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84675112021-09-27 Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii Tomita, Tadakimi Guevara, Rebekah B. Shah, Lamisha M. Afrifa, Andrews Y. Weiss, Louis M. Life (Basel) Review Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that chronically infects a third of humans. It can cause life-threatening encephalitis in immune-compromised individuals. Congenital infection also results in blindness and intellectual disabilities. In the intracellular milieu, parasites encounter various immunological effectors that have been shaped to limit parasite infection. Parasites not only have to suppress these anti-parasitic inflammatory responses but also ensure the host organism’s survival until their subsequent transmission. Recent advancements in T. gondii research have revealed a plethora of parasite-secreted proteins that suppress as well as activate immune responses. This mini-review will comprehensively examine each secreted immunomodulatory effector based on the location of their actions. The first section is focused on secreted effectors that localize to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the interface between the parasites and the host cytoplasm. Murine hosts are equipped with potent IFNγ-induced immune-related GTPases, and various parasite effectors subvert these to prevent parasite elimination. The second section examines several cytoplasmic and ER effectors, including a recently described function for matrix antigen 1 (MAG1) as a secreted effector. The third section covers the repertoire of nuclear effectors that hijack transcription factors and epigenetic repressors that alter gene expression. The last section focuses on the translocation of dense-granule effectors and effectors in the setting of T. gondii tissue cysts (the bradyzoite parasitophorous vacuole). MDPI 2021-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8467511/ /pubmed/34575137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090988 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Tomita, Tadakimi Guevara, Rebekah B. Shah, Lamisha M. Afrifa, Andrews Y. Weiss, Louis M. Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title | Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title_full | Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title_fullStr | Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title_full_unstemmed | Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title_short | Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii |
title_sort | secreted effectors modulating immune responses to toxoplasma gondii |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8467511/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575137 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090988 |
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