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Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina
The research aims to extract nutrients and bioactive compounds from spirulina using a non-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient method—Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). In this work, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)–Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the ex...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468321/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34574263 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092153 |
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author | Zhou, Jianjun Wang, Min Carrillo, Celia Zhu, Zhenzhou Brncic, Mladen Berrada, Houda Barba, Francisco J. |
author_facet | Zhou, Jianjun Wang, Min Carrillo, Celia Zhu, Zhenzhou Brncic, Mladen Berrada, Houda Barba, Francisco J. |
author_sort | Zhou, Jianjun |
collection | PubMed |
description | The research aims to extract nutrients and bioactive compounds from spirulina using a non-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient method—Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). In this work, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)–Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (20–60 °C) and pH (4–10) during PLE extraction (103.4 bars). The multi-factor optimization results of the RSM-CCD showed that under the pressure of 103.4 bars, the optimal conditions to recover the highest content of bioactive compounds were 10 min, 40 °C and pH 4. Furthermore, the compounds and antioxidant capacity of PLE and non-pressurized extraction extracts were compared. The results showed that under the optimal extraction conditions (10 min, 40 °C and pH 4), PLE significantly improved the antioxidant capacity (2870.5 ± 153.6 µM TE), protein yield (46.8 ± 3.1%), chlorophyll a (1.46 ± 0.04 mg/g), carotenoids (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/g), total polyphenols (11.49 ± 0.04 mg/g) and carbohydrates content (78.42 ± 1.40 mg/g) of the extracts compared with non-pressurized extraction (p < 0.05). The protein molecular distribution of the extracts was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the results showed that there were more small-molecule proteins in PLE extracts. Moreover, Liquid Chromatography Triple Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF–LC–MS–MS) was used to analyze the phenolic profile of the extracts, and the results showed the extracts were rich on phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid being the predominant phenolic compounds in the PLE extract. This indicates that PLE can promote the extraction of bioactive compounds from Spirulina, which is of great significance for the application of PLE technology to obtain active substances from marine algae resources. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8468321 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84683212021-09-27 Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina Zhou, Jianjun Wang, Min Carrillo, Celia Zhu, Zhenzhou Brncic, Mladen Berrada, Houda Barba, Francisco J. Foods Article The research aims to extract nutrients and bioactive compounds from spirulina using a non-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient method—Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). In this work, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)–Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (20–60 °C) and pH (4–10) during PLE extraction (103.4 bars). The multi-factor optimization results of the RSM-CCD showed that under the pressure of 103.4 bars, the optimal conditions to recover the highest content of bioactive compounds were 10 min, 40 °C and pH 4. Furthermore, the compounds and antioxidant capacity of PLE and non-pressurized extraction extracts were compared. The results showed that under the optimal extraction conditions (10 min, 40 °C and pH 4), PLE significantly improved the antioxidant capacity (2870.5 ± 153.6 µM TE), protein yield (46.8 ± 3.1%), chlorophyll a (1.46 ± 0.04 mg/g), carotenoids (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/g), total polyphenols (11.49 ± 0.04 mg/g) and carbohydrates content (78.42 ± 1.40 mg/g) of the extracts compared with non-pressurized extraction (p < 0.05). The protein molecular distribution of the extracts was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the results showed that there were more small-molecule proteins in PLE extracts. Moreover, Liquid Chromatography Triple Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF–LC–MS–MS) was used to analyze the phenolic profile of the extracts, and the results showed the extracts were rich on phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid being the predominant phenolic compounds in the PLE extract. This indicates that PLE can promote the extraction of bioactive compounds from Spirulina, which is of great significance for the application of PLE technology to obtain active substances from marine algae resources. MDPI 2021-09-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8468321/ /pubmed/34574263 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092153 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zhou, Jianjun Wang, Min Carrillo, Celia Zhu, Zhenzhou Brncic, Mladen Berrada, Houda Barba, Francisco J. Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title | Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title_full | Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title_fullStr | Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title_short | Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina |
title_sort | impact of pressurized liquid extraction and ph on protein yield, changes in molecular size distribution and antioxidant compounds recovery from spirulina |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468321/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34574263 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092153 |
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