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Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antire...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468337/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202 |
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author | Cusato, Jessica Mula, Jacopo Palermiti, Alice Manca, Alessandra Antonucci, Miriam Avataneo, Valeria De Vivo, Elisa Delia Ianniello, Alice Calcagno, Andrea Di Perri, Giovanni De Nicolò, Amedeo D’Avolio, Antonio |
author_facet | Cusato, Jessica Mula, Jacopo Palermiti, Alice Manca, Alessandra Antonucci, Miriam Avataneo, Valeria De Vivo, Elisa Delia Ianniello, Alice Calcagno, Andrea Di Perri, Giovanni De Nicolò, Amedeo D’Avolio, Antonio |
author_sort | Cusato, Jessica |
collection | PubMed |
description | Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations. Antiretroviral drugs exposures were measured with liquid chromatography validated methods. A total of 4148 human samples were analysed. Lopinavir, etravirine and maraviroc levels showed seasonal fluctuation. In detail, maraviroc and etravirine concentrations decreased further in summer than in winter. In contrast, lopinavir concentrations had an opposite trend, increasing more in summer than in winter. The etravirine efficacy cut-off value of 300 ng/mL seems to be affected by seasonality: 77.1% and 22.9% of samples achieved this therapeutic target, respectively, in winter and summer, whereas 30% in winter and 70% in summer did not reach this value. Finally, age over 50 years and summer remained in the final multivariate regression model as predictors of the etravirine efficacy cut-off. This study highlights the seasonal variation in antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations during the year, leading to a better understanding of inter-individual variability in drug exposures. Studies are required in order to confirm these data, clarifying which aspects may be involved. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8468337 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84683372021-09-27 Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Cusato, Jessica Mula, Jacopo Palermiti, Alice Manca, Alessandra Antonucci, Miriam Avataneo, Valeria De Vivo, Elisa Delia Ianniello, Alice Calcagno, Andrea Di Perri, Giovanni De Nicolò, Amedeo D’Avolio, Antonio Biomedicines Article Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations. Antiretroviral drugs exposures were measured with liquid chromatography validated methods. A total of 4148 human samples were analysed. Lopinavir, etravirine and maraviroc levels showed seasonal fluctuation. In detail, maraviroc and etravirine concentrations decreased further in summer than in winter. In contrast, lopinavir concentrations had an opposite trend, increasing more in summer than in winter. The etravirine efficacy cut-off value of 300 ng/mL seems to be affected by seasonality: 77.1% and 22.9% of samples achieved this therapeutic target, respectively, in winter and summer, whereas 30% in winter and 70% in summer did not reach this value. Finally, age over 50 years and summer remained in the final multivariate regression model as predictors of the etravirine efficacy cut-off. This study highlights the seasonal variation in antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations during the year, leading to a better understanding of inter-individual variability in drug exposures. Studies are required in order to confirm these data, clarifying which aspects may be involved. MDPI 2021-09-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8468337/ /pubmed/34572388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cusato, Jessica Mula, Jacopo Palermiti, Alice Manca, Alessandra Antonucci, Miriam Avataneo, Valeria De Vivo, Elisa Delia Ianniello, Alice Calcagno, Andrea Di Perri, Giovanni De Nicolò, Amedeo D’Avolio, Antonio Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title | Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title_full | Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title_fullStr | Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title_short | Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
title_sort | seasonal variation of antiretroviral drug exposure during the year: the experience of 10 years of therapeutic drug monitoring |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468337/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202 |
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