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Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antire...

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Autores principales: Cusato, Jessica, Mula, Jacopo, Palermiti, Alice, Manca, Alessandra, Antonucci, Miriam, Avataneo, Valeria, De Vivo, Elisa Delia, Ianniello, Alice, Calcagno, Andrea, Di Perri, Giovanni, De Nicolò, Amedeo, D’Avolio, Antonio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468337/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572388
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202
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author Cusato, Jessica
Mula, Jacopo
Palermiti, Alice
Manca, Alessandra
Antonucci, Miriam
Avataneo, Valeria
De Vivo, Elisa Delia
Ianniello, Alice
Calcagno, Andrea
Di Perri, Giovanni
De Nicolò, Amedeo
D’Avolio, Antonio
author_facet Cusato, Jessica
Mula, Jacopo
Palermiti, Alice
Manca, Alessandra
Antonucci, Miriam
Avataneo, Valeria
De Vivo, Elisa Delia
Ianniello, Alice
Calcagno, Andrea
Di Perri, Giovanni
De Nicolò, Amedeo
D’Avolio, Antonio
author_sort Cusato, Jessica
collection PubMed
description Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations. Antiretroviral drugs exposures were measured with liquid chromatography validated methods. A total of 4148 human samples were analysed. Lopinavir, etravirine and maraviroc levels showed seasonal fluctuation. In detail, maraviroc and etravirine concentrations decreased further in summer than in winter. In contrast, lopinavir concentrations had an opposite trend, increasing more in summer than in winter. The etravirine efficacy cut-off value of 300 ng/mL seems to be affected by seasonality: 77.1% and 22.9% of samples achieved this therapeutic target, respectively, in winter and summer, whereas 30% in winter and 70% in summer did not reach this value. Finally, age over 50 years and summer remained in the final multivariate regression model as predictors of the etravirine efficacy cut-off. This study highlights the seasonal variation in antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations during the year, leading to a better understanding of inter-individual variability in drug exposures. Studies are required in order to confirm these data, clarifying which aspects may be involved.
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spelling pubmed-84683372021-09-27 Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Cusato, Jessica Mula, Jacopo Palermiti, Alice Manca, Alessandra Antonucci, Miriam Avataneo, Valeria De Vivo, Elisa Delia Ianniello, Alice Calcagno, Andrea Di Perri, Giovanni De Nicolò, Amedeo D’Avolio, Antonio Biomedicines Article Although studies show an annual trend for immunosuppressive drugs, particularly during different seasons, no data are available for antiretroviral drugs exposures in different periods of the year. For this reason, the aim of this study was to investigate an association between seasonality and antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations. Antiretroviral drugs exposures were measured with liquid chromatography validated methods. A total of 4148 human samples were analysed. Lopinavir, etravirine and maraviroc levels showed seasonal fluctuation. In detail, maraviroc and etravirine concentrations decreased further in summer than in winter. In contrast, lopinavir concentrations had an opposite trend, increasing more in summer than in winter. The etravirine efficacy cut-off value of 300 ng/mL seems to be affected by seasonality: 77.1% and 22.9% of samples achieved this therapeutic target, respectively, in winter and summer, whereas 30% in winter and 70% in summer did not reach this value. Finally, age over 50 years and summer remained in the final multivariate regression model as predictors of the etravirine efficacy cut-off. This study highlights the seasonal variation in antiretroviral drugs plasma concentrations during the year, leading to a better understanding of inter-individual variability in drug exposures. Studies are required in order to confirm these data, clarifying which aspects may be involved. MDPI 2021-09-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8468337/ /pubmed/34572388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Cusato, Jessica
Mula, Jacopo
Palermiti, Alice
Manca, Alessandra
Antonucci, Miriam
Avataneo, Valeria
De Vivo, Elisa Delia
Ianniello, Alice
Calcagno, Andrea
Di Perri, Giovanni
De Nicolò, Amedeo
D’Avolio, Antonio
Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title_full Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title_fullStr Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title_full_unstemmed Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title_short Seasonal Variation of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure during the Year: The Experience of 10 Years of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
title_sort seasonal variation of antiretroviral drug exposure during the year: the experience of 10 years of therapeutic drug monitoring
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468337/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572388
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091202
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