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Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, t...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468639/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34576293 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810130 |
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author | Liu, Jiexi Wang, Fei Qin, Yang Feng, Xiaolan |
author_facet | Liu, Jiexi Wang, Fei Qin, Yang Feng, Xiaolan |
author_sort | Liu, Jiexi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and unavoidable dark toxicity of PSs greatly restrain the wide application of PDT. The genetically encoded PSs, unlike chemical PSs, can be modified using genetic engineering techniques and targeted to unique cellular compartments, even within a single cell. KillerRed, as a dimeric red fluorescent protein, can be activated by visible light or upconversion luminescence to execute the Type I reaction of PDT, which does not need too much oxygen and surely attract the researchers’ focus. In particular, nanotechnology provides new opportunities for various modifications of KillerRed and versatile delivery strategies. This review more comprehensively outlines the applications of KillerRed, highlighting the fascinating features of KillerRed genes and proteins in the photodynamic systems. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of KillerRed are also discussed, either alone or in combination with other therapies. These overviews may facilitate understanding KillerRed progress in PDT and suggest some emerging potentials to circumvent challenges to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PDT. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8468639 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84686392021-09-27 Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications Liu, Jiexi Wang, Fei Qin, Yang Feng, Xiaolan Int J Mol Sci Review Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and unavoidable dark toxicity of PSs greatly restrain the wide application of PDT. The genetically encoded PSs, unlike chemical PSs, can be modified using genetic engineering techniques and targeted to unique cellular compartments, even within a single cell. KillerRed, as a dimeric red fluorescent protein, can be activated by visible light or upconversion luminescence to execute the Type I reaction of PDT, which does not need too much oxygen and surely attract the researchers’ focus. In particular, nanotechnology provides new opportunities for various modifications of KillerRed and versatile delivery strategies. This review more comprehensively outlines the applications of KillerRed, highlighting the fascinating features of KillerRed genes and proteins in the photodynamic systems. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of KillerRed are also discussed, either alone or in combination with other therapies. These overviews may facilitate understanding KillerRed progress in PDT and suggest some emerging potentials to circumvent challenges to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PDT. MDPI 2021-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8468639/ /pubmed/34576293 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810130 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Liu, Jiexi Wang, Fei Qin, Yang Feng, Xiaolan Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title | Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title_full | Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title_fullStr | Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title_full_unstemmed | Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title_short | Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications |
title_sort | advances in the genetically engineered killerred for photodynamic therapy applications |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468639/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34576293 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810130 |
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