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Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Genomic studies are increasingly revealing that neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by underlying genomic alterations. Chromosomal microarray testing has been used to reliably detect minute changes in genomic copy numbers. The genes located in the aberrated regions identified in patients with ne...

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Autor principal: Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470284/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34571966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092317
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author Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
author_facet Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
author_sort Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
collection PubMed
description Genomic studies are increasingly revealing that neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by underlying genomic alterations. Chromosomal microarray testing has been used to reliably detect minute changes in genomic copy numbers. The genes located in the aberrated regions identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders may be associated with the phenotypic features. In such cases, haploinsufficiency is considered to be the mechanism, when the deletion of a gene is related to neurodevelopmental delay. The loss-of-function mutation in such genes may be evaluated using next-generation sequencing. On the other hand, the patients with increased copy numbers of the genes may exhibit different clinical symptoms compared to those with loss-of-function mutation in the genes. In such cases, the additional copies of the genes are considered to have a dominant negative effect, inducing cell stress. In other cases, not the copy number changes, but mutations of the genes are responsible for causing the clinical symptoms. This can be explained by the dominant negative effects of the gene mutations. Currently, the diagnostic yield of genomic alterations using comprehensive analysis is less than 50%, indicating the existence of more subtle alterations or genomic changes in the untranslated regions. Copy-neutral inversions and insertions may be related. Hence, better analytical algorithms specialized for the detection of such alterations are required for higher diagnostic yields.
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spelling pubmed-84702842021-09-27 Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Yamamoto, Toshiyuki Cells Review Genomic studies are increasingly revealing that neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by underlying genomic alterations. Chromosomal microarray testing has been used to reliably detect minute changes in genomic copy numbers. The genes located in the aberrated regions identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders may be associated with the phenotypic features. In such cases, haploinsufficiency is considered to be the mechanism, when the deletion of a gene is related to neurodevelopmental delay. The loss-of-function mutation in such genes may be evaluated using next-generation sequencing. On the other hand, the patients with increased copy numbers of the genes may exhibit different clinical symptoms compared to those with loss-of-function mutation in the genes. In such cases, the additional copies of the genes are considered to have a dominant negative effect, inducing cell stress. In other cases, not the copy number changes, but mutations of the genes are responsible for causing the clinical symptoms. This can be explained by the dominant negative effects of the gene mutations. Currently, the diagnostic yield of genomic alterations using comprehensive analysis is less than 50%, indicating the existence of more subtle alterations or genomic changes in the untranslated regions. Copy-neutral inversions and insertions may be related. Hence, better analytical algorithms specialized for the detection of such alterations are required for higher diagnostic yields. MDPI 2021-09-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8470284/ /pubmed/34571966 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092317 Text en © 2021 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title_full Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title_fullStr Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title_full_unstemmed Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title_short Genomic Aberrations Associated with the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
title_sort genomic aberrations associated with the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470284/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34571966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092317
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