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Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones
DNA methylation and demethylation precisely and effectively modulate gene expression during plant growth and development and in response to stress. However, expression profiles of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation during plant development and their responses to phytohormone treatme...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470644/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575855 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189681 |
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author | Bennett, Morgan Cleaves, Kailyn Hewezi, Tarek |
author_facet | Bennett, Morgan Cleaves, Kailyn Hewezi, Tarek |
author_sort | Bennett, Morgan |
collection | PubMed |
description | DNA methylation and demethylation precisely and effectively modulate gene expression during plant growth and development and in response to stress. However, expression profiles of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation during plant development and their responses to phytohormone treatments remain largely unknown. We characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes involved in de novo methylation, methyl maintenance, and active demethylation in roots, shoots, and reproductive organs using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines. Promoters of DNA demethylases were generally more highly active at the mature root tissues, whereas the promoters of genes involved in DNA methylation were more highly active at fast-growing root tissues. The promoter activity also implies that methylation status in shoot apex, leaf primordia, floral organs, and developing embryos is under tight equilibrium through the activity of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation. The promoter activity of DNA methylation and demethylation-related genes in response to various phytohormone treatments revealed that phytohormones can alter DNA methylation status in specific and redundant ways. Overall, our results illustrate that DNA methylation and demethylation pathways act synergistically and antagonistically in various tissues and in response to phytohormone treatments and point to the existence of hormone-linked methylome regulation mechanisms that may contribute to tissue differentiation and development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8470644 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84706442021-09-27 Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones Bennett, Morgan Cleaves, Kailyn Hewezi, Tarek Int J Mol Sci Article DNA methylation and demethylation precisely and effectively modulate gene expression during plant growth and development and in response to stress. However, expression profiles of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation during plant development and their responses to phytohormone treatments remain largely unknown. We characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes involved in de novo methylation, methyl maintenance, and active demethylation in roots, shoots, and reproductive organs using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines. Promoters of DNA demethylases were generally more highly active at the mature root tissues, whereas the promoters of genes involved in DNA methylation were more highly active at fast-growing root tissues. The promoter activity also implies that methylation status in shoot apex, leaf primordia, floral organs, and developing embryos is under tight equilibrium through the activity of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation. The promoter activity of DNA methylation and demethylation-related genes in response to various phytohormone treatments revealed that phytohormones can alter DNA methylation status in specific and redundant ways. Overall, our results illustrate that DNA methylation and demethylation pathways act synergistically and antagonistically in various tissues and in response to phytohormone treatments and point to the existence of hormone-linked methylome regulation mechanisms that may contribute to tissue differentiation and development. MDPI 2021-09-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8470644/ /pubmed/34575855 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189681 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Bennett, Morgan Cleaves, Kailyn Hewezi, Tarek Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title | Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title_full | Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title_fullStr | Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title_full_unstemmed | Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title_short | Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones |
title_sort | expression patterns of dna methylation and demethylation genes during plant development and in response to phytohormones |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470644/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575855 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189681 |
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