Stimulation of Nicotiana tabacum L. In Vitro Shoot Growth by Endophytic Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria

In vitro plant tissue cultures face various unfavorable conditions, such as mechanical damage, osmotic shock, and phytohormone imbalance, which can be detrimental to culture viability, growth efficiency, and genetic stability. Recent studies have revealed a presence of diverse endophytic bacteria, suggesting that engineering of the endophytic microbiome of in vitro plant tissues has the potential to improve their acclimatization and growth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) endophytic bacteria isolates that are capable of promoting the biomass accumulation of in vitro tobacco shoots. Forty-five endophytic bacteria isolates were obtained from greenhouse-grown tobacco plant leaves and were assigned to seven Bacillus spp. and one Pseudomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA or genome sequence data. To evaluate the bacterial effect on in vitro plant growth, tobacco shoots were inoculated with 22 isolates selected from distinct taxonomic groups. Four isolates of Bacillus cereus group species B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and B. mycoides promoted shoot growth by 11–21%. Furthermore, a contrasting effect on shoot growth was found among several isolates of the same species, suggesting the presence of strain-specific interaction with the plant host. Comparative analysis of genome assemblies was performed on the two closely related B. toyonensis isolates with contrasting plant growth-modulating properties. This revealed distinct structures of the genomic regions, including a putative enzyme cluster involved in the biosynthesis of linear azol(in)e-containing peptides and polysaccharides. However, the function of these clusters and their significance in plant-promoting activity remains elusive, and the observed contrasting effects on shoot growth are more likely to result from genomic sequence variations leading to differences in metabolic or gene expression activity. The Bacillus spp. isolates with shoot-growth-promoting properties have a potential application in improving the growth of plant tissue cultures in vitro.