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Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link?
The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuousl...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8472650/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34576810 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091913 |
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author | Cretoiu, Dragos Ionescu, Ruxandra Florentina Enache, Robert Mihai Cretoiu, Sanda Maria Voinea, Silviu Cristian |
author_facet | Cretoiu, Dragos Ionescu, Ruxandra Florentina Enache, Robert Mihai Cretoiu, Sanda Maria Voinea, Silviu Cristian |
author_sort | Cretoiu, Dragos |
collection | PubMed |
description | The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8472650 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84726502021-09-28 Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? Cretoiu, Dragos Ionescu, Ruxandra Florentina Enache, Robert Mihai Cretoiu, Sanda Maria Voinea, Silviu Cristian Microorganisms Review The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications. MDPI 2021-09-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8472650/ /pubmed/34576810 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091913 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Cretoiu, Dragos Ionescu, Ruxandra Florentina Enache, Robert Mihai Cretoiu, Sanda Maria Voinea, Silviu Cristian Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title | Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title_full | Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title_fullStr | Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title_full_unstemmed | Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title_short | Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? |
title_sort | gut microbiome, functional food, atherosclerosis, and vascular calcifications—is there a missing link? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8472650/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34576810 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091913 |
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