Patient Global Impression of Benefit–Risk (PGI-BR): Incorporating Patients’ Views of Clinical Benefit–Risk into Assessment of New Medicines

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to understand how patients assess perceived benefits and risks of treatments. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to (i) elucidate how patients evaluate treatment experiences and (ii) develop a brief patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument for use across disease areas for perceived benefit–risk evaluation of a new medicine in a clinical trial setting. METHODS: Concepts relating to patient-perceived benefit–risk were identified from literature reviews and qualitative concept elicitation interviews with patients across a variety of primary medical conditions. Draft instrument items were developed from identified concepts and evaluated for clarity, relevance and appropriateness of response options in cognitive interviews. Items were iteratively revised to address patient feedback. RESULTS: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 47 patients (primary condition: 20 oncological, 12 respiratory, 10 metabolic, 5 cardiovascular), of whom 32 contributed to concept elicitation and 42 to cognitive debriefing. Elicited concepts could be grouped into four medication-related categories: effectiveness of treatment, burden of side effects, convenience of use and overall acceptance/satisfaction. Cost, trial experience and altruism were additional concept categories unrelated to medication. The final instrument contained one item each on the medication’s effectiveness, side effects and convenience, and an overall item capturing patient benefit–risk assessment. An upfront question was included to separate out non-medication aspects of patients’ experiences. CONCLUSION: We developed a brief PRO instrument, the Patient Global Impression of Benefit–Risk (PGI-BR), which can be applied across disease areas to assess patient views of benefit–risk of a new medicine in the clinical trial setting.