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Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs

Excessive exercise with limited recovery may lead to detrimental states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms occur with the incidence of these states. Exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses have been proposed as biomarke...

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Autores principales: Leal, Diogo V., Standing, Ariane S.I., Furmanski, Anna L., Hough, John
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34589749
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100234
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author Leal, Diogo V.
Standing, Ariane S.I.
Furmanski, Anna L.
Hough, John
author_facet Leal, Diogo V.
Standing, Ariane S.I.
Furmanski, Anna L.
Hough, John
author_sort Leal, Diogo V.
collection PubMed
description Excessive exercise with limited recovery may lead to detrimental states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms occur with the incidence of these states. Exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses have been proposed as biomarkers of overreaching, with blunted responses following intensified-training periods. Yet, limited information on the effects of overreaching in immunity is available. Healthy individuals completed a 30-min running protocol (the RPE(TP)) before and after a 12-day intensified-training period. Blood and saliva were collected before, after and 30min after RPE(TP) at pre-training and post-training. Plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone, leucocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic activity were examined. Plasma and salivary cortisol were acutely unaffected pre-training (−14% and 0%, p ​> ​0.05) and post-training (−14% and +46%, p ​> ​0.05). Comparing pre-training with post-training, blunted responses were observed in plasma testosterone (43%–19%, p ​< ​0.05) and salivary testosterone (55%–24%, p ​> ​0.05). No acute or resting changes in total leucocyte counts or most leucocyte subsets occurred pre-training or post-training. Yet, a 194% acute elevation in γδ T-lymphocyte number occurred pre-training (p ​< ​0.05), and average resting concentrations were 174% higher post-training. Baseline phagocytic activity was 47% lower post-training (p ​< ​0.05). Intensified training was detrimental, significantly reducing phagocytic activity. Testosterone blunted post-training, indicating an excessive training-related hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal dysfunction. The γδ T-lymphocytes sensitivity to exercise was noted, rendering it as a potential stress-responsive cellular marker. The usefulness of the RPE(TP) to track the onset of overreaching is proposed.
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spelling pubmed-84746732021-09-28 Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs Leal, Diogo V. Standing, Ariane S.I. Furmanski, Anna L. Hough, John Brain Behav Immun Health Full Length Article Excessive exercise with limited recovery may lead to detrimental states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms occur with the incidence of these states. Exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses have been proposed as biomarkers of overreaching, with blunted responses following intensified-training periods. Yet, limited information on the effects of overreaching in immunity is available. Healthy individuals completed a 30-min running protocol (the RPE(TP)) before and after a 12-day intensified-training period. Blood and saliva were collected before, after and 30min after RPE(TP) at pre-training and post-training. Plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone, leucocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic activity were examined. Plasma and salivary cortisol were acutely unaffected pre-training (−14% and 0%, p ​> ​0.05) and post-training (−14% and +46%, p ​> ​0.05). Comparing pre-training with post-training, blunted responses were observed in plasma testosterone (43%–19%, p ​< ​0.05) and salivary testosterone (55%–24%, p ​> ​0.05). No acute or resting changes in total leucocyte counts or most leucocyte subsets occurred pre-training or post-training. Yet, a 194% acute elevation in γδ T-lymphocyte number occurred pre-training (p ​< ​0.05), and average resting concentrations were 174% higher post-training. Baseline phagocytic activity was 47% lower post-training (p ​< ​0.05). Intensified training was detrimental, significantly reducing phagocytic activity. Testosterone blunted post-training, indicating an excessive training-related hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal dysfunction. The γδ T-lymphocytes sensitivity to exercise was noted, rendering it as a potential stress-responsive cellular marker. The usefulness of the RPE(TP) to track the onset of overreaching is proposed. Elsevier 2021-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8474673/ /pubmed/34589749 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100234 Text en © 2021 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Full Length Article
Leal, Diogo V.
Standing, Ariane S.I.
Furmanski, Anna L.
Hough, John
Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title_full Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title_fullStr Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title_full_unstemmed Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title_short Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
title_sort polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ t-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs
topic Full Length Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34589749
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100234
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