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Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms

BACKGROUND: Plants in nature or crops in the field interact with a multitude of beneficial or parasitic organisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Viruses are highly specialized to infect a limited range of host plants, leading in extreme cases to the full invasion of the host and a diseased...

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Autores principales: Leonetti, Paola, Stuttmann, Johannes, Pantaleo, Vitantonio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474839/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34565394
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01664-3
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author Leonetti, Paola
Stuttmann, Johannes
Pantaleo, Vitantonio
author_facet Leonetti, Paola
Stuttmann, Johannes
Pantaleo, Vitantonio
author_sort Leonetti, Paola
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Plants in nature or crops in the field interact with a multitude of beneficial or parasitic organisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Viruses are highly specialized to infect a limited range of host plants, leading in extreme cases to the full invasion of the host and a diseased phenotype. Resistance to viruses can be mediated by various passive or active mechanisms, including the RNA-silencing machinery and the innate immune system. MAIN TEXT: RNA-silencing mechanisms may inhibit viral replication, while viral components can elicit the innate immune system. Viruses that successfully enter the plant cell can elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), albeit by yet unknown mechanisms. As a counter defense, viruses suppress PTI. Furthermore, viral Avirulence proteins (Avr) may be detected by intracellular immune receptors (Resistance proteins) to elicit effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI often culminates in a localized programmed cell death reaction, the hypersensitive response (HR), and is accompanied by a potent systemic defense response. In a dichotomous view, RNA silencing and innate immunity are seen as two separate mechanisms of resistance. Here, we review the intricate connections and similarities between these two regulatory systems, which are collectively required to ensure plant fitness and resilience. CONCLUSIONS: The detailed understanding of immune regulation at the transcriptional level provides novel opportunities for enhancing plant resistance to viruses by RNA-based technologies. However, extensive use of RNA technologies requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RNA gene regulation. We describe the main examples of host RNA-mediated regulation of virus resistance.
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spelling pubmed-84748392021-09-28 Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms Leonetti, Paola Stuttmann, Johannes Pantaleo, Vitantonio Virol J Review BACKGROUND: Plants in nature or crops in the field interact with a multitude of beneficial or parasitic organisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Viruses are highly specialized to infect a limited range of host plants, leading in extreme cases to the full invasion of the host and a diseased phenotype. Resistance to viruses can be mediated by various passive or active mechanisms, including the RNA-silencing machinery and the innate immune system. MAIN TEXT: RNA-silencing mechanisms may inhibit viral replication, while viral components can elicit the innate immune system. Viruses that successfully enter the plant cell can elicit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), albeit by yet unknown mechanisms. As a counter defense, viruses suppress PTI. Furthermore, viral Avirulence proteins (Avr) may be detected by intracellular immune receptors (Resistance proteins) to elicit effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI often culminates in a localized programmed cell death reaction, the hypersensitive response (HR), and is accompanied by a potent systemic defense response. In a dichotomous view, RNA silencing and innate immunity are seen as two separate mechanisms of resistance. Here, we review the intricate connections and similarities between these two regulatory systems, which are collectively required to ensure plant fitness and resilience. CONCLUSIONS: The detailed understanding of immune regulation at the transcriptional level provides novel opportunities for enhancing plant resistance to viruses by RNA-based technologies. However, extensive use of RNA technologies requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RNA gene regulation. We describe the main examples of host RNA-mediated regulation of virus resistance. BioMed Central 2021-09-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8474839/ /pubmed/34565394 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01664-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Review
Leonetti, Paola
Stuttmann, Johannes
Pantaleo, Vitantonio
Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title_full Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title_fullStr Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title_full_unstemmed Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title_short Regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host RNA-silencing mechanisms
title_sort regulation of plant antiviral defense genes via host rna-silencing mechanisms
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474839/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34565394
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01664-3
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