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Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic react...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8479180/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34603296 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809 |
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author | St. Leger, Anthony J. Koelle, David M. Kinchington, Paul R. Verjans, Georges Michel G. M. |
author_facet | St. Leger, Anthony J. Koelle, David M. Kinchington, Paul R. Verjans, Georges Michel G. M. |
author_sort | St. Leger, Anthony J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic reactivations. The ganglionic immune response to HSV-1 infection includes cell-intrinsic responses in neurons, innate sensing by several cell types, and the infiltration and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells. The mechanisms specifying the contrasting fates of HSV-1 in neurons and epithelial cells may include differential genome silencing and chromatinization, dictated by variation in access of immune modulating viral tegument proteins to the cell body, and protection of neurons by autophagy. Innate responses have the capacity of recruiting additional immune cells and paracrine activity on parenchymal cells, for example via chemokines and type I interferons. In both mice and humans, HSV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cells are recruited to ganglia, with mechanistic studies suggesting active roles in immune surveillance and control of reactivation. In this review we focus mainly on HSV-1 and the TG, comparing and contrasting where possible observational, interventional, and in vitro studies between humans and animal hosts. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8479180 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84791802021-09-30 Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man St. Leger, Anthony J. Koelle, David M. Kinchington, Paul R. Verjans, Georges Michel G. M. Front Immunol Immunology Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic reactivations. The ganglionic immune response to HSV-1 infection includes cell-intrinsic responses in neurons, innate sensing by several cell types, and the infiltration and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells. The mechanisms specifying the contrasting fates of HSV-1 in neurons and epithelial cells may include differential genome silencing and chromatinization, dictated by variation in access of immune modulating viral tegument proteins to the cell body, and protection of neurons by autophagy. Innate responses have the capacity of recruiting additional immune cells and paracrine activity on parenchymal cells, for example via chemokines and type I interferons. In both mice and humans, HSV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cells are recruited to ganglia, with mechanistic studies suggesting active roles in immune surveillance and control of reactivation. In this review we focus mainly on HSV-1 and the TG, comparing and contrasting where possible observational, interventional, and in vitro studies between humans and animal hosts. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-09-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8479180/ /pubmed/34603296 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809 Text en Copyright © 2021 St. Leger, Koelle, Kinchington and Verjans https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology St. Leger, Anthony J. Koelle, David M. Kinchington, Paul R. Verjans, Georges Michel G. M. Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title | Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title_full | Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title_fullStr | Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title_full_unstemmed | Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title_short | Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man |
title_sort | local immune control of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in ganglia of mice and man |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8479180/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34603296 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809 |
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