Cobalt and lead concentrations in cosmetic products sold at local markets in Saudi Arabia

Cosmetics are products that can be used on the human body for cleaning, beautification or enhancing perceived attractiveness. Cosmetics may contain a variety of heavy metals such as cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb), which at high concentrations may pose adverse effects on human health. This study focuses to measure the concentration of heavy metals (Co and Pb) in some cosmetic samples of four types (foundation, skin lighteners, kajal (kohl) and lawsone (henna)) available at local markets in Saudi Arabia. The total number of all cosmetic samples understudy was 41. The samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to measure the content of Co and Pb. Quality control of the data was performed using Standard Reference Materials [IAEA-V-10] hay powder. For all cosmetic types and qualities combined, the Co concentration range was determined to be 21.14 ± 3.70–144.91 ± 2.27 μg/g and the Pb range 0.75 ± 0.00–10.60 ± 1.24 μg/g. The Co concentration in all cosmetic types understudy was higher than the recommended level. Pb concentration was within the range recommended by the United States Food and Drug Administration in all types of cosmetics except for kohl, for which 22 % of the samples contained concentrations higher than the permissible limit. The findings of this study call for immediate and ongoing testing to monitor the concentrations of toxic metals in cosmetic products used in Saudi Arabia to ensure that established limits are respected and thereby protect consumer health.