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Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on...

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Autores principales: Nold, Julian, Metzger, Marc C., Schwarz, Steffen, Wesemann, Christian, Wemken, Gregor, Pieralli, Stefano, Kernen, Florian, Weingart, Julia, Schirmeister, Carl G., Schumann, Stefan, Schlager, Stefan, Spies, Benedikt C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481495/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34588584
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98963-0
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author Nold, Julian
Metzger, Marc C.
Schwarz, Steffen
Wesemann, Christian
Wemken, Gregor
Pieralli, Stefano
Kernen, Florian
Weingart, Julia
Schirmeister, Carl G.
Schumann, Stefan
Schlager, Stefan
Spies, Benedikt C.
author_facet Nold, Julian
Metzger, Marc C.
Schwarz, Steffen
Wesemann, Christian
Wemken, Gregor
Pieralli, Stefano
Kernen, Florian
Weingart, Julia
Schirmeister, Carl G.
Schumann, Stefan
Schlager, Stefan
Spies, Benedikt C.
author_sort Nold, Julian
collection PubMed
description The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended.
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spelling pubmed-84814952021-10-01 Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks Nold, Julian Metzger, Marc C. Schwarz, Steffen Wesemann, Christian Wemken, Gregor Pieralli, Stefano Kernen, Florian Weingart, Julia Schirmeister, Carl G. Schumann, Stefan Schlager, Stefan Spies, Benedikt C. Sci Rep Article The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8481495/ /pubmed/34588584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98963-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Nold, Julian
Metzger, Marc C.
Schwarz, Steffen
Wesemann, Christian
Wemken, Gregor
Pieralli, Stefano
Kernen, Florian
Weingart, Julia
Schirmeister, Carl G.
Schumann, Stefan
Schlager, Stefan
Spies, Benedikt C.
Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_full Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_fullStr Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_full_unstemmed Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_short Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_sort air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3d-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and ffp2 masks
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481495/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34588584
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98963-0
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