Plant growth promoting endophyte Burkholderia contaminans NZ antagonizes phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina through melanin synthesis and pyrrolnitrin inhibition

The endophytic bacterium Burkholderia contaminans NZ was isolated from jute, which is an important fiber-producing plant. This bacterium exhibits significant growth promotion activity in in vivo pot experiments, and like other plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria fixes nitrogen, produces indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. B. contaminans NZ is considered to exert a promising growth inhibitory effect on Macrophomina phaseolina, a phytopathogen responsible for infecting hundreds of crops worldwide. This study aimed to identify the possibility of B. contaminans NZ as a safe biocontrol agent and assess its effectiveness in suppressing phytopathogenic fungi, especially M. phaseolina. Co-culture of M. phaseolina with B. contaminans NZ on both solid and liquid media revealed appreciable growth suppression of M. phaseolina and its chromogenic aberration in liquid culture. Genome mining of B. contaminans NZ using NaPDoS and antiSMASH revealed gene clusters that displayed 100% similarity for cytotoxic and antifungal substances, such as pyrrolnitrin. GC-MS analysis of B. contaminans NZ culture extracts revealed various bioactive compounds, including catechol; 9,10-dihydro-12’-hydroxy-2’-methyl-5’-(phenylmethyl)- ergotaman 3’,6’,18-trione; 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one; 1-(1,6-Dioxooctadecyl)- pyrrolidine; 9-Octadecenamide; and 2- methoxy- phenol. These compounds reportedly exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory, antifungal, and antibiotic activities. Using a more targeted approach, an RP-HPLC purified fraction was analyzed by LC-MS, confirming the existence of pyrrolnitrin in the B. contaminans NZ extract. Secondary metabolites, such as catechol and ergotaman, have been predicted to inhibit melanin synthesis in M. phaseolina. Thus, B. contaminans NZ appears to inhibit phytopathogens by apparently impairing melanin synthesis and other potential biochemical pathways, exhibiting considerable fungistatic activity.