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Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes

BACKGROUND: Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chron...

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Autores principales: Nagai, Takashi, Bates, Nathaniel, McPherson, April, Hale, Rena, Hewett, Timothy, Schilaty, Nathan D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: NASMI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8486399/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34631251
http://dx.doi.org/10.26603/001c.27986
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author Nagai, Takashi
Bates, Nathaniel
McPherson, April
Hale, Rena
Hewett, Timothy
Schilaty, Nathan D.
author_facet Nagai, Takashi
Bates, Nathaniel
McPherson, April
Hale, Rena
Hewett, Timothy
Schilaty, Nathan D.
author_sort Nagai, Takashi
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains. PURPOSE: To establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional research METHODS: Isokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01). RESULTS: A total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984). CONCLUSION: The current results provide normative values for hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes. These normative values may further assist sports medicine specialists to develop screening tests, interventions, and return-to-sport criteria in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3B
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spelling pubmed-84863992021-10-08 Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes Nagai, Takashi Bates, Nathaniel McPherson, April Hale, Rena Hewett, Timothy Schilaty, Nathan D. Int J Sports Phys Ther Original Research BACKGROUND: Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains. PURPOSE: To establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional research METHODS: Isokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01). RESULTS: A total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984). CONCLUSION: The current results provide normative values for hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes. These normative values may further assist sports medicine specialists to develop screening tests, interventions, and return-to-sport criteria in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3B NASMI 2021-10-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8486399/ /pubmed/34631251 http://dx.doi.org/10.26603/001c.27986 Text en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. If you remix, transform, or build upon this work, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
spellingShingle Original Research
Nagai, Takashi
Bates, Nathaniel
McPherson, April
Hale, Rena
Hewett, Timothy
Schilaty, Nathan D.
Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title_full Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title_fullStr Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title_short Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes
title_sort effects of sex and age on quadriceps and hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8486399/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34631251
http://dx.doi.org/10.26603/001c.27986
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