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COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint
BACKGROUND: Restraint is widely practised within inpatient mental health services and is considered a higher-risk procedure for patients and staff. There is a sparsity of evidence in respect of the efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) used during restraint for reducing risk of infection....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
SAGE Publications
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8490659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33715558 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024211000805 |
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author | Dix, Roland Straiton, David Metherall, Peter Laidlaw, James McLean, Lisa Hayward, Andy Ginger, Gary Forrester, Louise O’Rourke, Paul Jefferies, Rob |
author_facet | Dix, Roland Straiton, David Metherall, Peter Laidlaw, James McLean, Lisa Hayward, Andy Ginger, Gary Forrester, Louise O’Rourke, Paul Jefferies, Rob |
author_sort | Dix, Roland |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Restraint is widely practised within inpatient mental health services and is considered a higher-risk procedure for patients and staff. There is a sparsity of evidence in respect of the efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) used during restraint for reducing risk of infection. METHODS: A series of choreographed restraint episodes were used to simulate contact contamination in research participants playing the roles of staff members and a patient. For comparison, one episode of simulated recording of physical observations was taken. Ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent material was used to track the simulated contact contamination, with analysis undertaken using established image registration techniques of UV photographs. This was repeated for three separate sets of PPE. RESULTS: All three PPE sets showed similar performance in protecting against contamination transfer. For teams not utilising coveralls, this was dependent upon effective cleansing as part of doffing. There were similar patterns of contamination for restraint team members assigned to specific roles, with hands and upper torso appearing to be higher-risk areas. The restraint-related contamination was 23 times higher than that observed for physical observations. DISCUSSION: A second layer of clothing that can be removed showed efficacy in reducing contact contamination. PPE fit to individual is important. Post-restraint cleansing procedures are currently inadequate, with new procedures for face and neck cleansing required. These findings leave scope for staff to potentially improve their appearance when donning PPE and engaging with distressed patients. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8490659 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84906592021-10-06 COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint Dix, Roland Straiton, David Metherall, Peter Laidlaw, James McLean, Lisa Hayward, Andy Ginger, Gary Forrester, Louise O’Rourke, Paul Jefferies, Rob Med Sci Law Original Articles BACKGROUND: Restraint is widely practised within inpatient mental health services and is considered a higher-risk procedure for patients and staff. There is a sparsity of evidence in respect of the efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) used during restraint for reducing risk of infection. METHODS: A series of choreographed restraint episodes were used to simulate contact contamination in research participants playing the roles of staff members and a patient. For comparison, one episode of simulated recording of physical observations was taken. Ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent material was used to track the simulated contact contamination, with analysis undertaken using established image registration techniques of UV photographs. This was repeated for three separate sets of PPE. RESULTS: All three PPE sets showed similar performance in protecting against contamination transfer. For teams not utilising coveralls, this was dependent upon effective cleansing as part of doffing. There were similar patterns of contamination for restraint team members assigned to specific roles, with hands and upper torso appearing to be higher-risk areas. The restraint-related contamination was 23 times higher than that observed for physical observations. DISCUSSION: A second layer of clothing that can be removed showed efficacy in reducing contact contamination. PPE fit to individual is important. Post-restraint cleansing procedures are currently inadequate, with new procedures for face and neck cleansing required. These findings leave scope for staff to potentially improve their appearance when donning PPE and engaging with distressed patients. SAGE Publications 2021-03-09 2021-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8490659/ /pubmed/33715558 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024211000805 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | Original Articles Dix, Roland Straiton, David Metherall, Peter Laidlaw, James McLean, Lisa Hayward, Andy Ginger, Gary Forrester, Louise O’Rourke, Paul Jefferies, Rob COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title | COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title_full | COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title_fullStr | COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title_short | COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE) performance during restraint |
title_sort | covid-19: a systematic evaluation of personal protective equipment (ppe) performance during restraint |
topic | Original Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8490659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33715558 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024211000805 |
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