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How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies
This narrative review discusses how peripheral and central inflammation processes affect brain function and structure in depression, and reports on recent peripheral inflammatory marker-based functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the perspective of neural-circuit dy...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Korean Neurological Association
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8490908/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34595858 http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.4.503 |
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author | Han, Kyu-Man Ham, Byung-Joo |
author_facet | Han, Kyu-Man Ham, Byung-Joo |
author_sort | Han, Kyu-Man |
collection | PubMed |
description | This narrative review discusses how peripheral and central inflammation processes affect brain function and structure in depression, and reports on recent peripheral inflammatory marker-based functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the perspective of neural-circuit dysfunction in depression. Chronic stress stimulates the activity of microglial cells, which increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. In addition, microglial activation promotes a shift from the synthesis of serotonin to the synthesis of neurotoxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, which induces glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neurons. Furthermore, the region specificity of microglial activation is hypothesized to contribute to the vulnerability of specific brain regions in the depression-related neural circuits to inflammation-mediated brain injury. MRI studies are increasingly investigating how the blood levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are associated with functional and structural neuroimaging markers in depression. Functional MRI studies have found that peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with aberrant activation patterns and altered functional connectivity in neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, reward processing, and cognitive control in depression. Structural MRI studies have suggested that peripheral inflammatory markers are related to reduced cortical gray matter and subcortical volumes, cortical thinning, and decreased integrity of white matter tracts within depression-related neural circuits. These neuroimaging findings may improve our understanding of the relationships between neuroinflammatory processes at the molecular level and macroscale in vivo neuralcircuit dysfunction in depression. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8490908 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Korean Neurological Association |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84909082021-10-06 How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies Han, Kyu-Man Ham, Byung-Joo J Clin Neurol Review This narrative review discusses how peripheral and central inflammation processes affect brain function and structure in depression, and reports on recent peripheral inflammatory marker-based functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the perspective of neural-circuit dysfunction in depression. Chronic stress stimulates the activity of microglial cells, which increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. In addition, microglial activation promotes a shift from the synthesis of serotonin to the synthesis of neurotoxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, which induces glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neurons. Furthermore, the region specificity of microglial activation is hypothesized to contribute to the vulnerability of specific brain regions in the depression-related neural circuits to inflammation-mediated brain injury. MRI studies are increasingly investigating how the blood levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are associated with functional and structural neuroimaging markers in depression. Functional MRI studies have found that peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with aberrant activation patterns and altered functional connectivity in neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, reward processing, and cognitive control in depression. Structural MRI studies have suggested that peripheral inflammatory markers are related to reduced cortical gray matter and subcortical volumes, cortical thinning, and decreased integrity of white matter tracts within depression-related neural circuits. These neuroimaging findings may improve our understanding of the relationships between neuroinflammatory processes at the molecular level and macroscale in vivo neuralcircuit dysfunction in depression. Korean Neurological Association 2021-10 2021-09-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8490908/ /pubmed/34595858 http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.4.503 Text en Copyright © 2021 Korean Neurological Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Han, Kyu-Man Ham, Byung-Joo How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title | How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title_full | How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title_fullStr | How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title_full_unstemmed | How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title_short | How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies |
title_sort | how inflammation affects the brain in depression: a review of functional and structural mri studies |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8490908/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34595858 http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.4.503 |
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