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Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia
In 2020, the incidence of leukemia was 474,519 with 311,594 mortality worldwide. In 2021, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has estimated 61,090 new cases of leukemia to occur within the United States. It has also been reported that the most common cause of death in children from one to fourteen yea...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cureus
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8491631/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34659946 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17732 |
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author | Padda, Jaskamal Khalid, Khizer Kakani, Varsha Cooper, Ayden Charlene Jean-Charles, Gutteridge |
author_facet | Padda, Jaskamal Khalid, Khizer Kakani, Varsha Cooper, Ayden Charlene Jean-Charles, Gutteridge |
author_sort | Padda, Jaskamal |
collection | PubMed |
description | In 2020, the incidence of leukemia was 474,519 with 311,594 mortality worldwide. In 2021, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has estimated 61,090 new cases of leukemia to occur within the United States. It has also been reported that the most common cause of death in children from one to fourteen years old is oncological, with leukemia being the most frequent cause. A phenomenon known as the Warburg effect has been affiliated with cancer. The Warburg effect is a metabolic abnormality of lactic acidosis in malignancies, with most cases presenting as hematological malignancies such as leukemia. Although many theories have been formulated to clarify the role of the Warburg effect, the exact role still remains uncertain. Four suggested theories on why the Warburg effect happens to include cell signaling, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, biosynthesis, and the tumor microenvironment. The Warburg effect occurs in leukemia with the help of enzymes such as pyruvate kinases M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). In this literature, we explain the proposed hypotheses of the Warburg effect, along with the molecular mechanism of how leukemia is able to produce lactic acid, with the intent to better understand this phenomenon. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8491631 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Cureus |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84916312021-10-14 Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia Padda, Jaskamal Khalid, Khizer Kakani, Varsha Cooper, Ayden Charlene Jean-Charles, Gutteridge Cureus Family/General Practice In 2020, the incidence of leukemia was 474,519 with 311,594 mortality worldwide. In 2021, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has estimated 61,090 new cases of leukemia to occur within the United States. It has also been reported that the most common cause of death in children from one to fourteen years old is oncological, with leukemia being the most frequent cause. A phenomenon known as the Warburg effect has been affiliated with cancer. The Warburg effect is a metabolic abnormality of lactic acidosis in malignancies, with most cases presenting as hematological malignancies such as leukemia. Although many theories have been formulated to clarify the role of the Warburg effect, the exact role still remains uncertain. Four suggested theories on why the Warburg effect happens to include cell signaling, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, biosynthesis, and the tumor microenvironment. The Warburg effect occurs in leukemia with the help of enzymes such as pyruvate kinases M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). In this literature, we explain the proposed hypotheses of the Warburg effect, along with the molecular mechanism of how leukemia is able to produce lactic acid, with the intent to better understand this phenomenon. Cureus 2021-09-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8491631/ /pubmed/34659946 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17732 Text en Copyright © 2021, Padda et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Family/General Practice Padda, Jaskamal Khalid, Khizer Kakani, Varsha Cooper, Ayden Charlene Jean-Charles, Gutteridge Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title | Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title_full | Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title_fullStr | Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title_short | Metabolic Acidosis in Leukemia |
title_sort | metabolic acidosis in leukemia |
topic | Family/General Practice |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8491631/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34659946 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17732 |
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