The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 2: Can Athletes Return to Competition After Surgery?

BACKGROUND: The results of surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level male gymnasts have not yet been documented. PURPOSE: To evaluate the functional and subjective results after surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level gymnasts and the possibilities to return to sport at the same level. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Over a 20-year period (1994-2014), 23 high-level male gymnasts (26 shoulders) underwent surgery by a single experienced shoulder surgeon. At the time of surgery, 7 gymnasts competed at the international level, 12 at the national elite level, and 4 at the regional level. According to symptoms and anatomic lesions, the shoulders were classified into 2 groups: painful shoulders (n = 11) and unstable shoulders (n = 15). Fifteen capsulolabral repairs, 10 cuff debridements, 1 cuff repair, 4 SLAP (superior labral anterior and posterior) repairs, and 8 suprapectoral biceps tenodesis were performed. Twelve shoulders (46%) had >1 procedure performed. Outcomes assessment was performed by an independent observer at a mean of 5 years (range, 2-15 years) postoperatively. In addition, patients completed the Subjective Shoulder Value (range, 0%-100%). RESULTS: After shoulder surgery, 21 (91%) of the 23 gymnasts returned to competitive gymnastics, and 20 gymnasts (87%) regained their preinjury level of sport. All international-level gymnasts returned to their preinjury level of sport. Three athletes (13%) underwent revision surgery, and 1 athlete (4%) ended his career without returning to competition. The postoperative period before resumption of competitive gymnastics was 9 ± 3.5 months (mean ± SD). Of the 15 gymnasts treated for shoulder instability with arthroscopic stabilization, 12 were able to return to their previous level of sport. All 8 gymnasts who had arthroscopic biceps tenodesis were able to return to their previous level of sport, as opposed to only 2 of 4 gymnasts treated with SLAP repair. The gymnastics-specific Subjective Shoulder Value score was 80% ± 11%. CONCLUSION: Most gymnasts who required surgical treatment for a shoulder injury were able to return to competition at their previous level, although there was a considerable postoperative recovery period. Current arthroscopic reconstruction techniques were effective for treating structural lesions and allowing return to high-level gymnastics.