The effects of face mask specifications on work of breathing and particle filtration efficiency

The outbreak of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the recommended routine use of face masks to reduce exposure risk. In this study, the increase in work of breathing (WOB) imposed by face masks is theoretically studied for both normals and patients with obstructive and restrictive lung diseases at different levels of activity. The results show a significant increase in WOB due to face masks, which is more severe in higher activity levels. The added WOB is considerable during physical activity and may be intolerable for patients with preexisting lung disease and may contribute to inspiratory muscle fatigue and dyspnea. Moreover, in this study, the effects of the physical properties of a fibrous medium, including thickness, porosity, and fiber diameter, are analyzed on the particle filtration efficiency (PFE) and the added WOB. The relations between the physical properties of the fibrous medium and the added WOB and the PFE are shown on some contour plots as a quick and simple tool to select the desired physical properties for a single layer filter to ensure that the added WOB is comfortable while the PFE is sufficiently high.