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Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review

BACKGROUND: From the start of the twenty-first century up to the year 2021, RNA viruses are the main causative agents of the majority of the disease outbreaks the world has confronted. Recently published reviews on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevan...

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Autores principales: Khan, Johra, Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al, Khan, Maryam, Chakrabartty, Ishani, Dandoti, Sayequa, Rudrapal, Mithun, Zothantluanga, James H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8494164/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34642633
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00150-7
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author Khan, Johra
Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al
Khan, Maryam
Chakrabartty, Ishani
Dandoti, Sayequa
Rudrapal, Mithun
Zothantluanga, James H.
author_facet Khan, Johra
Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al
Khan, Maryam
Chakrabartty, Ishani
Dandoti, Sayequa
Rudrapal, Mithun
Zothantluanga, James H.
author_sort Khan, Johra
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: From the start of the twenty-first century up to the year 2021, RNA viruses are the main causative agents of the majority of the disease outbreaks the world has confronted. Recently published reviews on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions, management trials and available therapies. However, in this review, we aim to explore the history, evolution of all coronaviruses and the associated viral outbreaks along with the diagnostics for COVID-19 in the twenty-first century. MAIN BODY: We have focused on different RNA viruses’ viz. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, their classification, and the various disease outbreaks caused by them. In the subsequent section, the comparison of different RNA viruses affecting humans has been made based on the viral genome, structure, time of the outbreak, mode of spread, virulence, causative agents, and transmission. Due to the current mayhem caused by the rapidly emerging virus, special attention is given to SARS-CoV-2, its genome updates, and infectivity. Finally, the current diagnostic techniques such as nucleic acid testing (real time-polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification), CRISPR-based diagnostics (CRISPR based DETECTR assay, CRISPR based SHERLOCK test, AIOD-CRISPR, FELUDA, CREST), chest radiographs (computed tomography, X-ray), and serological tests (Lateral flow assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, neutralization assay, nano-sensors, blood test, viral sequencing) with their pros and cons, and future diagnostic prospective have been described. CONCLUSIONS: The present gloomy scenario mandates clinical manifestations, contact tracing, and laboratory tests as important parameters that need to be taken into consideration to make the final diagnosis.
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spelling pubmed-84941642021-10-08 Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review Khan, Johra Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al Khan, Maryam Chakrabartty, Ishani Dandoti, Sayequa Rudrapal, Mithun Zothantluanga, James H. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci Review BACKGROUND: From the start of the twenty-first century up to the year 2021, RNA viruses are the main causative agents of the majority of the disease outbreaks the world has confronted. Recently published reviews on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions, management trials and available therapies. However, in this review, we aim to explore the history, evolution of all coronaviruses and the associated viral outbreaks along with the diagnostics for COVID-19 in the twenty-first century. MAIN BODY: We have focused on different RNA viruses’ viz. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, their classification, and the various disease outbreaks caused by them. In the subsequent section, the comparison of different RNA viruses affecting humans has been made based on the viral genome, structure, time of the outbreak, mode of spread, virulence, causative agents, and transmission. Due to the current mayhem caused by the rapidly emerging virus, special attention is given to SARS-CoV-2, its genome updates, and infectivity. Finally, the current diagnostic techniques such as nucleic acid testing (real time-polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification), CRISPR-based diagnostics (CRISPR based DETECTR assay, CRISPR based SHERLOCK test, AIOD-CRISPR, FELUDA, CREST), chest radiographs (computed tomography, X-ray), and serological tests (Lateral flow assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, neutralization assay, nano-sensors, blood test, viral sequencing) with their pros and cons, and future diagnostic prospective have been described. CONCLUSIONS: The present gloomy scenario mandates clinical manifestations, contact tracing, and laboratory tests as important parameters that need to be taken into consideration to make the final diagnosis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2021-10-06 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8494164/ /pubmed/34642633 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00150-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Review
Khan, Johra
Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al
Khan, Maryam
Chakrabartty, Ishani
Dandoti, Sayequa
Rudrapal, Mithun
Zothantluanga, James H.
Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title_full Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title_fullStr Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title_full_unstemmed Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title_short Evolution of RNA viruses from SARS to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic techniques for COVID-19: a review
title_sort evolution of rna viruses from sars to sars-cov-2 and diagnostic techniques for covid-19: a review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8494164/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34642633
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00150-7
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