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The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis
The COVID-19 pandemic has taken more than 1.78 million of lives across the globe. Identifying the underlying evolutive patterns between different countries would help us single out the mutated paths and behavior of this virus. I devise an orthonormal basis which would serve as the features to relate...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8495132/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34631642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.695141 |
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author | Chen, Ray-Ming |
author_facet | Chen, Ray-Ming |
author_sort | Chen, Ray-Ming |
collection | PubMed |
description | The COVID-19 pandemic has taken more than 1.78 million of lives across the globe. Identifying the underlying evolutive patterns between different countries would help us single out the mutated paths and behavior of this virus. I devise an orthonormal basis which would serve as the features to relate the evolution of one country's cases and deaths to others another's via coefficients from the inner product. Then I rank the coefficients measured by the inner product via the featured frequencies. The distances between these ranked vectors are evaluated by Manhattan metric. Afterwards, I associate each country with its nearest neighbor which shares the evolutive pattern via the distance matrix. Our research shows such patterns is are not random at all, i.e., the underlying pattern could be contributed to by some factors. In the end, I perform the typical cosine similarity on the time-series data. The comparison shows our mechanism differs from the typical one, but is also related to each it in some way. These findings reveal the underlying interaction between countries with respect to cases and deaths of COVID-19. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8495132 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84951322021-10-08 The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis Chen, Ray-Ming Front Public Health Public Health The COVID-19 pandemic has taken more than 1.78 million of lives across the globe. Identifying the underlying evolutive patterns between different countries would help us single out the mutated paths and behavior of this virus. I devise an orthonormal basis which would serve as the features to relate the evolution of one country's cases and deaths to others another's via coefficients from the inner product. Then I rank the coefficients measured by the inner product via the featured frequencies. The distances between these ranked vectors are evaluated by Manhattan metric. Afterwards, I associate each country with its nearest neighbor which shares the evolutive pattern via the distance matrix. Our research shows such patterns is are not random at all, i.e., the underlying pattern could be contributed to by some factors. In the end, I perform the typical cosine similarity on the time-series data. The comparison shows our mechanism differs from the typical one, but is also related to each it in some way. These findings reveal the underlying interaction between countries with respect to cases and deaths of COVID-19. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-09-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8495132/ /pubmed/34631642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.695141 Text en Copyright © 2021 Chen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Chen, Ray-Ming The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title | The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title_full | The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title_fullStr | The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title_short | The Similarities and Distances of Growth Rates Related to COVID-19 Between Different Countries Based on Spectral Analysis |
title_sort | similarities and distances of growth rates related to covid-19 between different countries based on spectral analysis |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8495132/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34631642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.695141 |
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