Incidence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with congenital heart disease

BACKGROUNDS: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is underdiagnosed in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Our aim was to study the incidence of CKD in CHD children and identify risk factors for CKD. METHODS: CHD patients were enrolled from the Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital database between 2010 and 2019. Patient age at enrollment was age at first visit to the hospital. The end of follow-up was marked by the last measurement of serum creatinine, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR), or urine microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) after enrollment, and only patients who underwent the aforementioned tests in 2 different years were included. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min/1.73m(2) were diagnosed as having CKD and were further classified into clinically recognized CKD (CR-CKD, defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m(2), UPCR >0.5, or UACR >30 mg/g) and non-clinically recognized CKD (NCR-CKD). Their demographic data, CHD category, heart surgery types, medications, and contrast-related examinations during follow-up were collected. RESULTS: The study included 359 CHD patients, of whom 167 (46.5%) developed CKD (18 patients with CR-CKD and 341 with NCR-CKD). Patients with CR-CKD were significantly older at enrollment than patients with NCR-CKD. Corrective heart surgery may be a protective factor for CKD. Furthermore, cyanotic heart disease, two or more image-related contrast exposures, and diuretic use may be associated with CKD. CONCLUSION: CHD patients have a high incidence of CKD. The early detection of CKD and prompt corrective heart surgery for CHD may be beneficial for kidney function. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]