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The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study
BACKGROUND: Parenting styles play a critical role in children’s development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8502291/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34627177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8 |
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author | Wang, Yanrong Shi, Honglan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xuan Wang, Juan Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Jianwen Sun, Jiwei Cao, Fenglin |
author_facet | Wang, Yanrong Shi, Honglan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xuan Wang, Juan Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Jianwen Sun, Jiwei Cao, Fenglin |
author_sort | Wang, Yanrong |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Parenting styles play a critical role in children’s development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children’s internalizing symptoms. METHODS: Participants were children aged 8–16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children’s depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Four parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06–0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10–0.48), while indifference parenting increased children’s risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30–21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Children with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children’s risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8502291 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85022912021-10-20 The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study Wang, Yanrong Shi, Honglan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xuan Wang, Juan Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Jianwen Sun, Jiwei Cao, Fenglin BMC Psychiatry Research BACKGROUND: Parenting styles play a critical role in children’s development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children’s internalizing symptoms. METHODS: Participants were children aged 8–16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children’s depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Four parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06–0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10–0.48), while indifference parenting increased children’s risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30–21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Children with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children’s risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8. BioMed Central 2021-10-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8502291/ /pubmed/34627177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Wang, Yanrong Shi, Honglan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xuan Wang, Juan Sun, Yaoyao Wang, Jianwen Sun, Jiwei Cao, Fenglin The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title | The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title_full | The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title_fullStr | The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title_full_unstemmed | The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title_short | The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
title_sort | association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8502291/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34627177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8 |
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