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Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requi...

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Autores principales: Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura, Dobrzyński, Paweł, Ślączka, Krzysztof, Ciszek, Jaromir, Krawiec, Łukasz, Wierzba, Waldemar, Zaczyński, Artur
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34639486
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910185
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author Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura
Dobrzyński, Paweł
Ślączka, Krzysztof
Ciszek, Jaromir
Krawiec, Łukasz
Wierzba, Waldemar
Zaczyński, Artur
author_facet Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura
Dobrzyński, Paweł
Ślączka, Krzysztof
Ciszek, Jaromir
Krawiec, Łukasz
Wierzba, Waldemar
Zaczyński, Artur
author_sort Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura
collection PubMed
description Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7–64.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19.
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spelling pubmed-85079792021-10-13 Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura Dobrzyński, Paweł Ślączka, Krzysztof Ciszek, Jaromir Krawiec, Łukasz Wierzba, Waldemar Zaczyński, Artur Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7–64.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19. MDPI 2021-09-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8507979/ /pubmed/34639486 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910185 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura
Dobrzyński, Paweł
Ślączka, Krzysztof
Ciszek, Jaromir
Krawiec, Łukasz
Wierzba, Waldemar
Zaczyński, Artur
Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title_full Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title_fullStr Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title_full_unstemmed Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title_short Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity
title_sort simple disposable odor identification tests for predicting sars-cov-2 positivity
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34639486
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910185
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