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Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches
Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecol...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638926 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910575 |
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author | Dinicola, Simona Unfer, Vittorio Facchinetti, Fabio Soulage, Christophe O. Greene, Nicholas D. Bizzarri, Mariano Laganà, Antonio Simone Chan, Shiao-Yng Bevilacqua, Arturo Pkhaladze, Lali Benvenga, Salvatore Stringaro, Annarita Barbaro, Daniele Appetecchia, Marialuisa Aragona, Cesare Bezerra Espinola, Maria Salomè Cantelmi, Tonino Cavalli, Pietro Chiu, Tony T. Copp, Andrew J. D’Anna, Rosario Dewailly, Didier Di Lorenzo, Cherubino Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia Hernández Marín, Imelda Hod, Moshe Kamenov, Zdravko Kandaraki, Eleni Monastra, Giovanni Montanino Oliva, Mario Nestler, John E. Nordio, Maurizio Ozay, Ali C. Papalou, Olga Porcaro, Giuseppina Prapas, Nikos Roseff, Scott Vazquez-Levin, Monica Vucenik, Ivana Wdowiak, Artur |
author_facet | Dinicola, Simona Unfer, Vittorio Facchinetti, Fabio Soulage, Christophe O. Greene, Nicholas D. Bizzarri, Mariano Laganà, Antonio Simone Chan, Shiao-Yng Bevilacqua, Arturo Pkhaladze, Lali Benvenga, Salvatore Stringaro, Annarita Barbaro, Daniele Appetecchia, Marialuisa Aragona, Cesare Bezerra Espinola, Maria Salomè Cantelmi, Tonino Cavalli, Pietro Chiu, Tony T. Copp, Andrew J. D’Anna, Rosario Dewailly, Didier Di Lorenzo, Cherubino Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia Hernández Marín, Imelda Hod, Moshe Kamenov, Zdravko Kandaraki, Eleni Monastra, Giovanni Montanino Oliva, Mario Nestler, John E. Nordio, Maurizio Ozay, Ali C. Papalou, Olga Porcaro, Giuseppina Prapas, Nikos Roseff, Scott Vazquez-Levin, Monica Vucenik, Ivana Wdowiak, Artur |
author_sort | Dinicola, Simona |
collection | PubMed |
description | Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases. Currently both myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins are well-tolerated, effective alternative candidates to the classical insulin sensitizers, and are useful treatments in preventing and treating metabolic and reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fertility disturbances, like sperm abnormalities. Moreover, besides metabolic activity, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins deeply influence steroidogenesis, regulating the pools of androgens and estrogens, likely in opposite ways. Given the complexity of inositol-related mechanisms of action, many of their beneficial effects are still under scrutiny. Therefore, continuing research aims to discover new emerging roles and mechanisms that can allow clinicians to tailor inositol therapy and to use it in other medical areas, hitherto unexplored. The present paper outlines the established evidence on inositols and updates on recent research, namely concerning D-chiro-Ins involvement into steroidogenesis. In particular, D-chiro-Ins mediates insulin-induced testosterone biosynthesis from ovarian thecal cells and directly affects synthesis of estrogens by modulating the expression of the aromatase enzyme. Ovaries, as well as other organs and tissues, are characterized by a specific ratio of myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins, which ensures their healthy state and proper functionality. Altered inositol ratios may account for pathological conditions, causing an imbalance in sex hormones. Such situations usually occur in association with medical conditions, such as PCOS, or as a consequence of some pharmacological treatments. Based on the physiological role of inositols and the pathological implications of altered myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins ratios, inositol therapy may be designed with two different aims: (1) restoring the inositol physiological ratio; (2) altering the ratio in a controlled way to achieve specific effects. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8508595 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85085952021-10-13 Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches Dinicola, Simona Unfer, Vittorio Facchinetti, Fabio Soulage, Christophe O. Greene, Nicholas D. Bizzarri, Mariano Laganà, Antonio Simone Chan, Shiao-Yng Bevilacqua, Arturo Pkhaladze, Lali Benvenga, Salvatore Stringaro, Annarita Barbaro, Daniele Appetecchia, Marialuisa Aragona, Cesare Bezerra Espinola, Maria Salomè Cantelmi, Tonino Cavalli, Pietro Chiu, Tony T. Copp, Andrew J. D’Anna, Rosario Dewailly, Didier Di Lorenzo, Cherubino Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia Hernández Marín, Imelda Hod, Moshe Kamenov, Zdravko Kandaraki, Eleni Monastra, Giovanni Montanino Oliva, Mario Nestler, John E. Nordio, Maurizio Ozay, Ali C. Papalou, Olga Porcaro, Giuseppina Prapas, Nikos Roseff, Scott Vazquez-Levin, Monica Vucenik, Ivana Wdowiak, Artur Int J Mol Sci Review Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases. Currently both myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins are well-tolerated, effective alternative candidates to the classical insulin sensitizers, and are useful treatments in preventing and treating metabolic and reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fertility disturbances, like sperm abnormalities. Moreover, besides metabolic activity, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins deeply influence steroidogenesis, regulating the pools of androgens and estrogens, likely in opposite ways. Given the complexity of inositol-related mechanisms of action, many of their beneficial effects are still under scrutiny. Therefore, continuing research aims to discover new emerging roles and mechanisms that can allow clinicians to tailor inositol therapy and to use it in other medical areas, hitherto unexplored. The present paper outlines the established evidence on inositols and updates on recent research, namely concerning D-chiro-Ins involvement into steroidogenesis. In particular, D-chiro-Ins mediates insulin-induced testosterone biosynthesis from ovarian thecal cells and directly affects synthesis of estrogens by modulating the expression of the aromatase enzyme. Ovaries, as well as other organs and tissues, are characterized by a specific ratio of myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins, which ensures their healthy state and proper functionality. Altered inositol ratios may account for pathological conditions, causing an imbalance in sex hormones. Such situations usually occur in association with medical conditions, such as PCOS, or as a consequence of some pharmacological treatments. Based on the physiological role of inositols and the pathological implications of altered myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins ratios, inositol therapy may be designed with two different aims: (1) restoring the inositol physiological ratio; (2) altering the ratio in a controlled way to achieve specific effects. MDPI 2021-09-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8508595/ /pubmed/34638926 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910575 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Dinicola, Simona Unfer, Vittorio Facchinetti, Fabio Soulage, Christophe O. Greene, Nicholas D. Bizzarri, Mariano Laganà, Antonio Simone Chan, Shiao-Yng Bevilacqua, Arturo Pkhaladze, Lali Benvenga, Salvatore Stringaro, Annarita Barbaro, Daniele Appetecchia, Marialuisa Aragona, Cesare Bezerra Espinola, Maria Salomè Cantelmi, Tonino Cavalli, Pietro Chiu, Tony T. Copp, Andrew J. D’Anna, Rosario Dewailly, Didier Di Lorenzo, Cherubino Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia Hernández Marín, Imelda Hod, Moshe Kamenov, Zdravko Kandaraki, Eleni Monastra, Giovanni Montanino Oliva, Mario Nestler, John E. Nordio, Maurizio Ozay, Ali C. Papalou, Olga Porcaro, Giuseppina Prapas, Nikos Roseff, Scott Vazquez-Levin, Monica Vucenik, Ivana Wdowiak, Artur Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title | Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title_full | Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title_fullStr | Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title_full_unstemmed | Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title_short | Inositols: From Established Knowledge to Novel Approaches |
title_sort | inositols: from established knowledge to novel approaches |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638926 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910575 |
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