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Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent lo...

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Autores principales: Lee, Soon Kyu, Lee, Sung Won, Jang, Jeong Won, Bae, Si Hyun, Choi, Jong Young, Yoon, Seung Kew
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508906/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638613
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271
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author Lee, Soon Kyu
Lee, Sung Won
Jang, Jeong Won
Bae, Si Hyun
Choi, Jong Young
Yoon, Seung Kew
author_facet Lee, Soon Kyu
Lee, Sung Won
Jang, Jeong Won
Bae, Si Hyun
Choi, Jong Young
Yoon, Seung Kew
author_sort Lee, Soon Kyu
collection PubMed
description Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent long-term survival, almost 70–80% of patients experience HCC recurrence after curative treatments. Tumor-related factors, including tumor size, number and differentiation, and underlying liver disease, are well-known risk factors for recurrence following curative therapies. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also plays a key role in the recurrence of HCC. Many immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as an increase in regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells, are implicated in HCC recurrence. These suppressive TMEs are also modulated by several factors and pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1. Based on these mechanisms and the promising results of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in advanced HCC, there have been several ongoing adjuvant studies using a single or combination of ICB following curative treatments in HCC. In this review, we strive to provide biologic and immunological markers, prognostic factors, and challenges associated with clinical outcomes after curative treatments, including resection, LT and ablation.
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spelling pubmed-85089062021-10-13 Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lee, Soon Kyu Lee, Sung Won Jang, Jeong Won Bae, Si Hyun Choi, Jong Young Yoon, Seung Kew Int J Mol Sci Review Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent long-term survival, almost 70–80% of patients experience HCC recurrence after curative treatments. Tumor-related factors, including tumor size, number and differentiation, and underlying liver disease, are well-known risk factors for recurrence following curative therapies. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also plays a key role in the recurrence of HCC. Many immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as an increase in regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells, are implicated in HCC recurrence. These suppressive TMEs are also modulated by several factors and pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1. Based on these mechanisms and the promising results of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in advanced HCC, there have been several ongoing adjuvant studies using a single or combination of ICB following curative treatments in HCC. In this review, we strive to provide biologic and immunological markers, prognostic factors, and challenges associated with clinical outcomes after curative treatments, including resection, LT and ablation. MDPI 2021-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8508906/ /pubmed/34638613 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Lee, Soon Kyu
Lee, Sung Won
Jang, Jeong Won
Bae, Si Hyun
Choi, Jong Young
Yoon, Seung Kew
Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_full Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_fullStr Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_full_unstemmed Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_short Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
title_sort immunological markers, prognostic factors and challenges following curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508906/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638613
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271
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