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Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent lo...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638613 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271 |
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author | Lee, Soon Kyu Lee, Sung Won Jang, Jeong Won Bae, Si Hyun Choi, Jong Young Yoon, Seung Kew |
author_facet | Lee, Soon Kyu Lee, Sung Won Jang, Jeong Won Bae, Si Hyun Choi, Jong Young Yoon, Seung Kew |
author_sort | Lee, Soon Kyu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent long-term survival, almost 70–80% of patients experience HCC recurrence after curative treatments. Tumor-related factors, including tumor size, number and differentiation, and underlying liver disease, are well-known risk factors for recurrence following curative therapies. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also plays a key role in the recurrence of HCC. Many immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as an increase in regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells, are implicated in HCC recurrence. These suppressive TMEs are also modulated by several factors and pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1. Based on these mechanisms and the promising results of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in advanced HCC, there have been several ongoing adjuvant studies using a single or combination of ICB following curative treatments in HCC. In this review, we strive to provide biologic and immunological markers, prognostic factors, and challenges associated with clinical outcomes after curative treatments, including resection, LT and ablation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8508906 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85089062021-10-13 Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lee, Soon Kyu Lee, Sung Won Jang, Jeong Won Bae, Si Hyun Choi, Jong Young Yoon, Seung Kew Int J Mol Sci Review Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Patients with early-stage HCC are eligible for curative treatments, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) and percutaneous ablation. Although curative treatments provide excellent long-term survival, almost 70–80% of patients experience HCC recurrence after curative treatments. Tumor-related factors, including tumor size, number and differentiation, and underlying liver disease, are well-known risk factors for recurrence following curative therapies. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also plays a key role in the recurrence of HCC. Many immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as an increase in regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells, are implicated in HCC recurrence. These suppressive TMEs are also modulated by several factors and pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1. Based on these mechanisms and the promising results of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in advanced HCC, there have been several ongoing adjuvant studies using a single or combination of ICB following curative treatments in HCC. In this review, we strive to provide biologic and immunological markers, prognostic factors, and challenges associated with clinical outcomes after curative treatments, including resection, LT and ablation. MDPI 2021-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8508906/ /pubmed/34638613 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Lee, Soon Kyu Lee, Sung Won Jang, Jeong Won Bae, Si Hyun Choi, Jong Young Yoon, Seung Kew Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title | Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full | Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_fullStr | Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_short | Immunological Markers, Prognostic Factors and Challenges Following Curative Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_sort | immunological markers, prognostic factors and challenges following curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34638613 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910271 |
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