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What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases?
Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes water; however, the remaining 5% produces metabolites called activated oxygen or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are extrem...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509443/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34639139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910799 |
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author | Nakai, Kozo Tsuruta, Daisuke |
author_facet | Nakai, Kozo Tsuruta, Daisuke |
author_sort | Nakai, Kozo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes water; however, the remaining 5% produces metabolites called activated oxygen or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are extremely reactive. Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to air pollutants, including diesel exhaust fumes, ultraviolet rays, food, xenobiotics, drugs, and cosmetics, which promote the production of ROS. ROS exacerbate skin aging and inflammation, but also function as regulators of homeostasis in the human body, including epidermal keratinocyte proliferation. Although ROS have been implicated in various skin diseases, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Current knowledge on ROS-related and oxidative stress-related skin diseases from basic research to clinical treatment strategies are discussed herein. This information may be applied to the future treatment of skin diseases through the individual targeting of the ROS generated in each case via their inhibition, capture, or regulation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8509443 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85094432021-10-13 What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? Nakai, Kozo Tsuruta, Daisuke Int J Mol Sci Review Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes water; however, the remaining 5% produces metabolites called activated oxygen or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are extremely reactive. Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to air pollutants, including diesel exhaust fumes, ultraviolet rays, food, xenobiotics, drugs, and cosmetics, which promote the production of ROS. ROS exacerbate skin aging and inflammation, but also function as regulators of homeostasis in the human body, including epidermal keratinocyte proliferation. Although ROS have been implicated in various skin diseases, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Current knowledge on ROS-related and oxidative stress-related skin diseases from basic research to clinical treatment strategies are discussed herein. This information may be applied to the future treatment of skin diseases through the individual targeting of the ROS generated in each case via their inhibition, capture, or regulation. MDPI 2021-10-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8509443/ /pubmed/34639139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910799 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Nakai, Kozo Tsuruta, Daisuke What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title | What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title_full | What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title_fullStr | What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title_full_unstemmed | What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title_short | What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases? |
title_sort | what are reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and oxidative stress in skin diseases? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509443/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34639139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910799 |
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