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Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance
The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This rev...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8510114/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34641344 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195801 |
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author | Rao, Muhammad Junaid Wu, Songguo Duan, Mingzheng Wang, Lingqiang |
author_facet | Rao, Muhammad Junaid Wu, Songguo Duan, Mingzheng Wang, Lingqiang |
author_sort | Rao, Muhammad Junaid |
collection | PubMed |
description | The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This review summarizes various antioxidant metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are distributed in different citrus species. Among these antioxidant metabolites, flavonoids are abundantly present in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus species and possess the highest antioxidant activity. We demonstrate that the primitive and wild citrus species (e.g., Atalantia buxifolia and C. latipes) have a high level of antioxidant metabolites and are tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses compared with cultivated citrus species (e.g., C. sinensis and C. reticulata). Additionally, we highlight the potential usage of citrus wastes (rag, seeds, fruit peels, etc.) and the health-promoting properties of citrus metabolites. Furthermore, we summarize the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in different citrus species. We speculate that the genome-engineering technologies should be used to confirm the functions of candidate genes that are responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, which will serve as an alternative tool to breed citrus cultivars with increased antioxidant metabolites. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8510114 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85101142021-10-13 Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance Rao, Muhammad Junaid Wu, Songguo Duan, Mingzheng Wang, Lingqiang Molecules Review The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This review summarizes various antioxidant metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are distributed in different citrus species. Among these antioxidant metabolites, flavonoids are abundantly present in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus species and possess the highest antioxidant activity. We demonstrate that the primitive and wild citrus species (e.g., Atalantia buxifolia and C. latipes) have a high level of antioxidant metabolites and are tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses compared with cultivated citrus species (e.g., C. sinensis and C. reticulata). Additionally, we highlight the potential usage of citrus wastes (rag, seeds, fruit peels, etc.) and the health-promoting properties of citrus metabolites. Furthermore, we summarize the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in different citrus species. We speculate that the genome-engineering technologies should be used to confirm the functions of candidate genes that are responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, which will serve as an alternative tool to breed citrus cultivars with increased antioxidant metabolites. MDPI 2021-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8510114/ /pubmed/34641344 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195801 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Rao, Muhammad Junaid Wu, Songguo Duan, Mingzheng Wang, Lingqiang Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title | Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title_full | Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title_fullStr | Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title_short | Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance |
title_sort | antioxidant metabolites in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus and their role in stress tolerance |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8510114/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34641344 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195801 |
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