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Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist and an anaesthetic agent that has been effectively used to treat depression. However, ketamine has also been increasingly used for recreational purposes. The dissociative side-effects of ketamine use, such as hallucinations, are the re...

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Autores principales: Liu, Linying, Huang, Haijian, Li, Yongbin, Zhang, Ruochen, Wei, Yongbao, Wu, Weiwei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34658951
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707326
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author Liu, Linying
Huang, Haijian
Li, Yongbin
Zhang, Ruochen
Wei, Yongbao
Wu, Weiwei
author_facet Liu, Linying
Huang, Haijian
Li, Yongbin
Zhang, Ruochen
Wei, Yongbao
Wu, Weiwei
author_sort Liu, Linying
collection PubMed
description Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist and an anaesthetic agent that has been effectively used to treat depression. However, ketamine has also been increasingly used for recreational purposes. The dissociative side-effects of ketamine use, such as hallucinations, are the reason for abuse. Additionally, long-term ketamine abuse has been highly associated with liver-gallbladder and urinary symptoms. The present study reports the case of a 28-year-old young male adult with an 8-year history of daily inhalation of ketamine. We investigated the association between ketamine abuse and the mechanism of its adverse effects, particularly encephalatrophy, and attempted to find a link between these disorders. These results would help us to better understand ketamine usage, ketamine abuse effects and the addictive mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first report of severe brain atrophy related to ketamine abuse. Details of the patient are presented and the mechanism of the encephalatropy-associated ketamine abuse is discussed. Furthermore, organ dysfunction following chronic ketamine abuse may indicate that the side effects are the result of comprehensive action on multiple regions in the brain.
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spelling pubmed-85191722021-10-16 Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review Liu, Linying Huang, Haijian Li, Yongbin Zhang, Ruochen Wei, Yongbao Wu, Weiwei Front Psychiatry Psychiatry Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist and an anaesthetic agent that has been effectively used to treat depression. However, ketamine has also been increasingly used for recreational purposes. The dissociative side-effects of ketamine use, such as hallucinations, are the reason for abuse. Additionally, long-term ketamine abuse has been highly associated with liver-gallbladder and urinary symptoms. The present study reports the case of a 28-year-old young male adult with an 8-year history of daily inhalation of ketamine. We investigated the association between ketamine abuse and the mechanism of its adverse effects, particularly encephalatrophy, and attempted to find a link between these disorders. These results would help us to better understand ketamine usage, ketamine abuse effects and the addictive mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first report of severe brain atrophy related to ketamine abuse. Details of the patient are presented and the mechanism of the encephalatropy-associated ketamine abuse is discussed. Furthermore, organ dysfunction following chronic ketamine abuse may indicate that the side effects are the result of comprehensive action on multiple regions in the brain. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8519172/ /pubmed/34658951 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707326 Text en Copyright © 2021 Liu, Huang, Li, Zhang, Wei and Wu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychiatry
Liu, Linying
Huang, Haijian
Li, Yongbin
Zhang, Ruochen
Wei, Yongbao
Wu, Weiwei
Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title_full Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title_fullStr Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title_short Severe Encephalatrophy and Related Disorders From Long-Term Ketamine Abuse: A Case Report and Literature Review
title_sort severe encephalatrophy and related disorders from long-term ketamine abuse: a case report and literature review
topic Psychiatry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34658951
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707326
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