Cargando…
Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan
The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinki...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519438/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34653204 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258418 |
_version_ | 1784584449269170176 |
---|---|
author | Cha, Seungman Jin, Yan Elhag, Mousab Siddig Kim, Youngjin Ismail, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed |
author_facet | Cha, Seungman Jin, Yan Elhag, Mousab Siddig Kim, Youngjin Ismail, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed |
author_sort | Cha, Seungman |
collection | PubMed |
description | The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through such research, the disease control strategy can be optimized, and resource allocation can be prioritized. We explored spatial heterogeneity and inequality in access to improved water and sanitation across Sudan by mapping the coverage at both the state and district levels. We decomposed the inequality across Sudan into within-state, between-state, within-district, and between-state inequalities using the Theil L and Theil T indices. We calculated the Gini coefficient to assess the inequality of access to improved water and sanitation, based on the deviation of the Lorenz curve from the line of perfect equality. The study population was 105,167 students aged 8–13 at 1,776 primary schools across the country. Geographical heterogeneity was prominent in the Central Darfur, South Darfur, East Darfur, Kassala, West Kordofan, and Blue Nile States, all of which showed severe inequality in access to an improved latrine at the household level in terms of the Theil T or Theil L index. The overall inequality in the coverage of improved sanitation went beyond the warning limit of 0.4 for the Gini coefficient. The inequality in terms of the Theil L and Theil T indices, as well as the Gini coefficient, was always higher for improved sanitation than for improved water at the household level. Within-state inequality accounted for 66% or more of national inequalities in the distribution of improved sanitation and drinking water for both the Theil L and Theil T indices. This is the first study to measure geographical heterogeneity and inequalities in improved water and sanitation coverage across Sudan. The study may help to prioritize resource allocation to areas with the greatest water and sanitation needs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8519438 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85194382021-10-16 Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan Cha, Seungman Jin, Yan Elhag, Mousab Siddig Kim, Youngjin Ismail, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed PLoS One Research Article The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through such research, the disease control strategy can be optimized, and resource allocation can be prioritized. We explored spatial heterogeneity and inequality in access to improved water and sanitation across Sudan by mapping the coverage at both the state and district levels. We decomposed the inequality across Sudan into within-state, between-state, within-district, and between-state inequalities using the Theil L and Theil T indices. We calculated the Gini coefficient to assess the inequality of access to improved water and sanitation, based on the deviation of the Lorenz curve from the line of perfect equality. The study population was 105,167 students aged 8–13 at 1,776 primary schools across the country. Geographical heterogeneity was prominent in the Central Darfur, South Darfur, East Darfur, Kassala, West Kordofan, and Blue Nile States, all of which showed severe inequality in access to an improved latrine at the household level in terms of the Theil T or Theil L index. The overall inequality in the coverage of improved sanitation went beyond the warning limit of 0.4 for the Gini coefficient. The inequality in terms of the Theil L and Theil T indices, as well as the Gini coefficient, was always higher for improved sanitation than for improved water at the household level. Within-state inequality accounted for 66% or more of national inequalities in the distribution of improved sanitation and drinking water for both the Theil L and Theil T indices. This is the first study to measure geographical heterogeneity and inequalities in improved water and sanitation coverage across Sudan. The study may help to prioritize resource allocation to areas with the greatest water and sanitation needs. Public Library of Science 2021-10-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8519438/ /pubmed/34653204 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258418 Text en © 2021 Cha et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Cha, Seungman Jin, Yan Elhag, Mousab Siddig Kim, Youngjin Ismail, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title | Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title_full | Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title_fullStr | Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title_full_unstemmed | Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title_short | Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan |
title_sort | unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in sudan |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519438/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34653204 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258418 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT chaseungman unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT jinyan unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT elhagmousabsiddig unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT kimyoungjin unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT ismailhassanahmedhassanahmed unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan |