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Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name?
Self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the materials that are memorized refer to the self. The SRE paradigm usually requires participants to explicitly refer items to themselves, but some researchers have found that the SRE also can occur for implicit...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8521069/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34671294 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709601 |
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author | Yaoi, Ken Osaka, Mariko Osaka, Naoyuki |
author_facet | Yaoi, Ken Osaka, Mariko Osaka, Naoyuki |
author_sort | Yaoi, Ken |
collection | PubMed |
description | Self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the materials that are memorized refer to the self. The SRE paradigm usually requires participants to explicitly refer items to themselves, but some researchers have found that the SRE also can occur for implicitly self-referenced items. Few studies though have investigated the effect of self-related stimuli without awareness. In this study, we presented self-related (participants’ names) or other (other’s names or nouns) stimuli for a very short time between masks and then explicitly presented subsequent trait adjectives to participants. Recognition performance showed no significant differences between the own-name and the other two conditions in Experiment 1 that had random-order conditions. On the other hand, the result of Experiment 2 that had block-order conditions and greater prime stimuli suggests that SRE can occur as a result of the instantaneous stimulus: Subjects who showed better memory performance also had relatively high recognition of the trait adjectives that they viewed after their instantaneously presented own-name. This effect would show that self-representation can be activated by self-related stimuli without awareness and that subsequent items are unconsciously referenced to that self-representation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8521069 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85210692021-10-19 Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? Yaoi, Ken Osaka, Mariko Osaka, Naoyuki Front Psychol Psychology Self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the materials that are memorized refer to the self. The SRE paradigm usually requires participants to explicitly refer items to themselves, but some researchers have found that the SRE also can occur for implicitly self-referenced items. Few studies though have investigated the effect of self-related stimuli without awareness. In this study, we presented self-related (participants’ names) or other (other’s names or nouns) stimuli for a very short time between masks and then explicitly presented subsequent trait adjectives to participants. Recognition performance showed no significant differences between the own-name and the other two conditions in Experiment 1 that had random-order conditions. On the other hand, the result of Experiment 2 that had block-order conditions and greater prime stimuli suggests that SRE can occur as a result of the instantaneous stimulus: Subjects who showed better memory performance also had relatively high recognition of the trait adjectives that they viewed after their instantaneously presented own-name. This effect would show that self-representation can be activated by self-related stimuli without awareness and that subsequent items are unconsciously referenced to that self-representation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8521069/ /pubmed/34671294 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709601 Text en Copyright © 2021 Yaoi, Osaka and Osaka. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Yaoi, Ken Osaka, Mariko Osaka, Naoyuki Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title | Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title_full | Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title_fullStr | Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title_full_unstemmed | Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title_short | Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name? |
title_sort | does implicit self-reference effect occur by the instantaneous own-name? |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8521069/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34671294 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709601 |
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