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Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?

Many gene editing techniques are developed and tested, yet, most of these are optimized for transformed cell lines, which differ from their primary cell counterparts in terms of transfectability, cell death propensity, differentiation capability, and chromatin accessibility to gene editing tools. Re...

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Autores principales: Klaver-Flores, Stefanie, Zittersteijn, Hidde A., Canté-Barrett, Kirsten, Lankester, Arjan, Hoeben, Rob C., Gonçalves, Manuel A. F. V., Pike-Overzet, Karin, Staal, Frank J. T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8525357/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34713237
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2020.615619
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author Klaver-Flores, Stefanie
Zittersteijn, Hidde A.
Canté-Barrett, Kirsten
Lankester, Arjan
Hoeben, Rob C.
Gonçalves, Manuel A. F. V.
Pike-Overzet, Karin
Staal, Frank J. T.
author_facet Klaver-Flores, Stefanie
Zittersteijn, Hidde A.
Canté-Barrett, Kirsten
Lankester, Arjan
Hoeben, Rob C.
Gonçalves, Manuel A. F. V.
Pike-Overzet, Karin
Staal, Frank J. T.
author_sort Klaver-Flores, Stefanie
collection PubMed
description Many gene editing techniques are developed and tested, yet, most of these are optimized for transformed cell lines, which differ from their primary cell counterparts in terms of transfectability, cell death propensity, differentiation capability, and chromatin accessibility to gene editing tools. Researchers are working to overcome the challenges associated with gene editing of primary cells, namely, at the level of improving the gene editing tool components, e.g., the use of modified single guide RNAs, more efficient delivery of Cas9 and RNA in the ribonucleoprotein of these cells. Despite these efforts, the low efficiency of proper gene editing in true primary cells is an obstacle that needs to be overcome in order to generate sufficiently high numbers of corrected cells for therapeutic use. In addition, many of the therapeutic candidate genes for gene editing are expressed in more mature blood cell lineages but not in the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), where they are tightly packed in heterochromatin, making them less accessible to gene editing enzymes. Bringing HSCs in proliferation is sometimes seen as a solution to overcome lack of chromatin access, but the induction of proliferation in HSCs often is associated with loss of stemness. The documented occurrences of off-target effects and, importantly, on-target side effects also raise important safety issues. In conclusion, many obstacles still remain to be overcome before gene editing in HSCs for gene correction purposes can be applied clinically. In this review, in a perspective way, we will discuss the challenges of researching and developing a novel genetic engineering therapy for monogenic blood and immune system disorders.
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spelling pubmed-85253572021-10-27 Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope? Klaver-Flores, Stefanie Zittersteijn, Hidde A. Canté-Barrett, Kirsten Lankester, Arjan Hoeben, Rob C. Gonçalves, Manuel A. F. V. Pike-Overzet, Karin Staal, Frank J. T. Front Genome Ed Genome Editing Many gene editing techniques are developed and tested, yet, most of these are optimized for transformed cell lines, which differ from their primary cell counterparts in terms of transfectability, cell death propensity, differentiation capability, and chromatin accessibility to gene editing tools. Researchers are working to overcome the challenges associated with gene editing of primary cells, namely, at the level of improving the gene editing tool components, e.g., the use of modified single guide RNAs, more efficient delivery of Cas9 and RNA in the ribonucleoprotein of these cells. Despite these efforts, the low efficiency of proper gene editing in true primary cells is an obstacle that needs to be overcome in order to generate sufficiently high numbers of corrected cells for therapeutic use. In addition, many of the therapeutic candidate genes for gene editing are expressed in more mature blood cell lineages but not in the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), where they are tightly packed in heterochromatin, making them less accessible to gene editing enzymes. Bringing HSCs in proliferation is sometimes seen as a solution to overcome lack of chromatin access, but the induction of proliferation in HSCs often is associated with loss of stemness. The documented occurrences of off-target effects and, importantly, on-target side effects also raise important safety issues. In conclusion, many obstacles still remain to be overcome before gene editing in HSCs for gene correction purposes can be applied clinically. In this review, in a perspective way, we will discuss the challenges of researching and developing a novel genetic engineering therapy for monogenic blood and immune system disorders. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-01-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8525357/ /pubmed/34713237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2020.615619 Text en Copyright © 2021 Klaver-Flores, Zittersteijn, Canté-Barrett, Lankester, Hoeben, Gonçalves, Pike-Overzet and Staal. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Genome Editing
Klaver-Flores, Stefanie
Zittersteijn, Hidde A.
Canté-Barrett, Kirsten
Lankester, Arjan
Hoeben, Rob C.
Gonçalves, Manuel A. F. V.
Pike-Overzet, Karin
Staal, Frank J. T.
Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title_full Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title_fullStr Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title_full_unstemmed Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title_short Genomic Engineering in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hype or Hope?
title_sort genomic engineering in human hematopoietic stem cells: hype or hope?
topic Genome Editing
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8525357/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34713237
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2020.615619
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