(237)Np and (241)Am as Fingerprints in the Major River Basins of Southern China and North South China Sea: A Land–Sea Perspective

[Image: see text] During the global nuclear weapon tests, large amounts of radioactive elements are released into the environment. Long-period actinide elements such as Np, Pu, and Am exhibit different behaviors in various environments, and their isotope characteristic fingerprints are of great significance for studying the distribution, migration, and prediction of radioactive pollutants. To investigate the distribution of (241)Am and (237)Np in southern China, activities of (241)Am (0.008 ± 0.012–0.932 ± 0.066 Bq/kg) and (237)Np (0.037 ± 0.003–1.458 ± 0.063 mBq/kg), (237)Np/(239)Pu atom ratios (0.055 ± 0.003–0.864 ± 0.054), and (241)Am/(239+240)Pu activity ratios (0.033 ± 0.075–15.870 ± 0.477) in 95 surface sediment samples collected from the northern South China Sea and major river basins were analyzed for the first time. Due to the different scavenging mechanisms of Am and Pu, (241)Am is preferentially concentrated by sinking the particulate, while plutonium is scavenged in the coastal area, resulting in a higher (241)Am/(239+240)Pu activity ratio in estuary and coastal areas. The distribution of (237)Np shows obvious spatial inhomogeneity as the high migration rate. The relevant fingerprint characteristic has changed greatly and needs to be updated urgently. As a result of the convergence of land and sea, (241)Am, (239,240)Pu, and (237)Np are dominated by terrestrial sediments and deposited in the coastal area of southern China, which should be paid more attention to. This work can establish China’s current neptunium radioactivity database, and the difference in Np, Pu, and Am scavenging processes may be a powerful tool for evaluating the impact of the Pearl River Estuary salt tide.