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ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The severity and outcome of COVID-19 are determined by the level of overstimulation of the immune response, age, and comorbidities in the patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lymphopenia is the most consistent finding that char...

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Autores principales: Alagbe, AE, Pedroso, GA, Oliveira, BB, Maia, GAF, Costa, E, Albuquerque, DM, Modena, JLP, Costa, FF, Sonati, MF, Santos, MNND
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8530690/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.10.877
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author Alagbe, AE
Pedroso, GA
Oliveira, BB
Maia, GAF
Costa, E
Albuquerque, DM
Modena, JLP
Costa, FF
Sonati, MF
Santos, MNND
author_facet Alagbe, AE
Pedroso, GA
Oliveira, BB
Maia, GAF
Costa, E
Albuquerque, DM
Modena, JLP
Costa, FF
Sonati, MF
Santos, MNND
author_sort Alagbe, AE
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The severity and outcome of COVID-19 are determined by the level of overstimulation of the immune response, age, and comorbidities in the patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lymphopenia is the most consistent finding that characterizes the hemogram in COVID-19 patients. We evaluated the hemogram and compared the lymphocyte count (LC),neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) at diagnosis in COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical notes of 320 adult hospitalized patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 at the Clinical Hospital of UNICAMP, Campinas, from March 2020 to March 2021. The hemogram (performed using automated counter-XN 9000™, Sysmex, Japan) at COVID-19 diagnosis was analyzed, and NLR and PLR were calculated. The primary outcomes were discharge (n = 257 patients who recovered from the disease and were discharged from the hospital), and death (n = 63 those who died during treatment). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 22). Unpaired data of deceased and discharged COVID-19 patients were compared using Mann-Whitney tests. All results were significant if p < 0.05 or except otherwise stated. RESULTS: Compared to the 257 discharged patients, the 63 deceased patients were older 56.0 vs 64.7 ys respectively, p = 0.000), the males are more in each group and the duration of hospitalization was not different (18.6 vs 19.7 days respectively, p = 0.12). The leukocyte (8.89 ± 4.50 vs 10.37 ± 7.03, p = 0.289) and platelet counts (227.00 ± 91.15 vs 197.79 ± 97.47, p = 0.119) were not significantly different in the two groups, the hematocrit was higher in the discharged than in the deceased patients (38.84 ± 6.86 vs 35.89 ± 8.57, p = 0.021). The LC was lower in the deceased (0.81 ± 0.59 × 10(3) vs 1.09 ± 0.80x10(3)/μL, p = 0.002), and negatively correlated with the age of the patients(r = -0.145, p=0.009 at a significant level of 0.01). The deceased group had a higher NLR (17.52 ± 19.20 vs 10.06 ± 12.31, p < 0.001) and PLR (366.32 ± 275.03 vs 319.23 ± 331.54, p = 0.047) higher than the discharged group, and both parameters were strongly correlated (r = 0.734, p < 0.001 significant level of 0.01). One hundred and thirty-eight (53.7%) of the discharged patients and 45 (71.4%) of the deceased had LC of < 1.0 × 10(3)/μL. The LC is associated with the disease outcome (χ(2) = 6.498, df = 1, p = 0.011), and the odds for a deceased to have a lymphopenia is 1.9 times that for the discharged patients [OR = 1.87 (95% CI = 1.135-3.085). DISCUSSION: Though lymphopenia is consistent in COVID-19, the cause is unclear. Acute recruitment of lymphocytes to the site of infection (mainly the lung) may explain this, thus the lymphopenia may worsen and the LRs will be elevated with the increasing severity of COVID-19. The negative correlation of LC with age and higher odds of lymphopenia in the deceased patients suggest that LC and the LRs at diagnosis could be easily accessible and useful predictors of severity and mortality in these patients. CONCLUSION: Our study supports that lymphopenia is negatively associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients and that the deceased patients have elevated NLR and PLR at diagnosis. These parameters are easily derived from the hemogram and could be utilized as affordable and accessible predictors of outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
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spelling pubmed-85306902021-10-22 ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS Alagbe, AE Pedroso, GA Oliveira, BB Maia, GAF Costa, E Albuquerque, DM Modena, JLP Costa, FF Sonati, MF Santos, MNND Hematol Transfus Cell Ther Article BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The severity and outcome of COVID-19 are determined by the level of overstimulation of the immune response, age, and comorbidities in the patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lymphopenia is the most consistent finding that characterizes the hemogram in COVID-19 patients. We evaluated the hemogram and compared the lymphocyte count (LC),neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) at diagnosis in COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical notes of 320 adult hospitalized patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 at the Clinical Hospital of UNICAMP, Campinas, from March 2020 to March 2021. The hemogram (performed using automated counter-XN 9000™, Sysmex, Japan) at COVID-19 diagnosis was analyzed, and NLR and PLR were calculated. The primary outcomes were discharge (n = 257 patients who recovered from the disease and were discharged from the hospital), and death (n = 63 those who died during treatment). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 22). Unpaired data of deceased and discharged COVID-19 patients were compared using Mann-Whitney tests. All results were significant if p < 0.05 or except otherwise stated. RESULTS: Compared to the 257 discharged patients, the 63 deceased patients were older 56.0 vs 64.7 ys respectively, p = 0.000), the males are more in each group and the duration of hospitalization was not different (18.6 vs 19.7 days respectively, p = 0.12). The leukocyte (8.89 ± 4.50 vs 10.37 ± 7.03, p = 0.289) and platelet counts (227.00 ± 91.15 vs 197.79 ± 97.47, p = 0.119) were not significantly different in the two groups, the hematocrit was higher in the discharged than in the deceased patients (38.84 ± 6.86 vs 35.89 ± 8.57, p = 0.021). The LC was lower in the deceased (0.81 ± 0.59 × 10(3) vs 1.09 ± 0.80x10(3)/μL, p = 0.002), and negatively correlated with the age of the patients(r = -0.145, p=0.009 at a significant level of 0.01). The deceased group had a higher NLR (17.52 ± 19.20 vs 10.06 ± 12.31, p < 0.001) and PLR (366.32 ± 275.03 vs 319.23 ± 331.54, p = 0.047) higher than the discharged group, and both parameters were strongly correlated (r = 0.734, p < 0.001 significant level of 0.01). One hundred and thirty-eight (53.7%) of the discharged patients and 45 (71.4%) of the deceased had LC of < 1.0 × 10(3)/μL. The LC is associated with the disease outcome (χ(2) = 6.498, df = 1, p = 0.011), and the odds for a deceased to have a lymphopenia is 1.9 times that for the discharged patients [OR = 1.87 (95% CI = 1.135-3.085). DISCUSSION: Though lymphopenia is consistent in COVID-19, the cause is unclear. Acute recruitment of lymphocytes to the site of infection (mainly the lung) may explain this, thus the lymphopenia may worsen and the LRs will be elevated with the increasing severity of COVID-19. The negative correlation of LC with age and higher odds of lymphopenia in the deceased patients suggest that LC and the LRs at diagnosis could be easily accessible and useful predictors of severity and mortality in these patients. CONCLUSION: Our study supports that lymphopenia is negatively associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients and that the deceased patients have elevated NLR and PLR at diagnosis. These parameters are easily derived from the hemogram and could be utilized as affordable and accessible predictors of outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. 2021-10 2021-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8530690/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.10.877 Text en Copyright © 2021 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
spellingShingle Article
Alagbe, AE
Pedroso, GA
Oliveira, BB
Maia, GAF
Costa, E
Albuquerque, DM
Modena, JLP
Costa, FF
Sonati, MF
Santos, MNND
ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title_full ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title_fullStr ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title_full_unstemmed ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title_short ASSOCIATION OF LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, NLR AND PLR WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
title_sort association of lymphocyte counts, nlr and plr with mortality in covid-19 patients
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8530690/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.10.877
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