Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense

Iron (Fe) deficiency impairs photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth and biomass yield. This study aimed to reveal the role of nitric oxide (NO) in restoring Fe-homeostasis and oxidative status in Fe-deficient alfalfa. In alfalfa, a shortage of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of root andshoot length, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), Fe, S, and Zn accumulation, as well as an increase in H(2)O(2) accumulation. In contrast, in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, these negative effects of Fe deficiency were largely reversed. In response to the SNP, the expression of Fe transporters (IRT1, NRAMP1) and S transporter (SULTR1;2) genes increased in alfalfa. Additionally, the detection of NO generation using fluorescence microscope revealed that SNP treatment increased the level of NO signal, indicating that NO may act as regulatory signal in response to SNP in plants. Interestingly, the increase of antioxidant genes and their related enzymes (Fe-SOD, APX) in response to SNP treatment suggests that Fe-SOD and APX are key contributors to reducing ROS (H(2)O(2)) accumulation and oxidative stress in alfalfa. Furthermore, the elevation of Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway-related genes (GR and MDAR) Fe-deficiency with SNP implies that the presence of NO relates to enhanced antioxidant defense against Fe-deficiency stress.