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Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults
BACKGROUND: Physiological thermoregulatory systems in humans have been a key factor for adaptation to local environments after their exodus from Africa, particularly, to cold environments outside Africa. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing have identified various genes responsible for co...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8533667/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34686211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9 |
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author | Yasukochi, Yoshiki Shin, Sora Wakabayashi, Hitoshi Maeda, Takafumi |
author_facet | Yasukochi, Yoshiki Shin, Sora Wakabayashi, Hitoshi Maeda, Takafumi |
author_sort | Yasukochi, Yoshiki |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Physiological thermoregulatory systems in humans have been a key factor for adaptation to local environments after their exodus from Africa, particularly, to cold environments outside Africa. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing have identified various genes responsible for cold adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying initial thermoregulation in response to acute cold exposure remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated transcriptional profiles of six young Japanese male adults exposed to acute cold stress. METHODS: In a climatic chamber, the air temperature was maintained at 28°C for 65 min and was then gradually decreased to 19°C for 70 min. Saliva samples were obtained from the subjects at 28°C before and after 19°C cold exposure and were used for RNA sequencing. RESULTS: In the cold exposure experiment, expression levels of 14 genes were significantly changed [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] although the degree of transcriptional changes was not high due to experimental conditions or blunted transcriptional reaction in saliva to cold stress. As a result, differential gene expression analyses detected the cathepsin L (CTSL) gene to be significantly upregulated, with FDR < 0.05 and log(2) fold change value > 1; thus, this gene was identified as a differentially expressed gene. Given that the cathepsin L protein is related to invasion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), mild cold stress might alter the susceptibility to coronavirus disease-19 in humans. The gene ontology enrichment analysis for 14 genes with FDR < 0.05 suggested that immune-related molecules could be activated by mild cold stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained from this study indicate that CTSL expression levels can be altered by acute mild cold stress. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8533667 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85336672021-10-25 Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults Yasukochi, Yoshiki Shin, Sora Wakabayashi, Hitoshi Maeda, Takafumi J Physiol Anthropol Original Article BACKGROUND: Physiological thermoregulatory systems in humans have been a key factor for adaptation to local environments after their exodus from Africa, particularly, to cold environments outside Africa. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing have identified various genes responsible for cold adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying initial thermoregulation in response to acute cold exposure remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated transcriptional profiles of six young Japanese male adults exposed to acute cold stress. METHODS: In a climatic chamber, the air temperature was maintained at 28°C for 65 min and was then gradually decreased to 19°C for 70 min. Saliva samples were obtained from the subjects at 28°C before and after 19°C cold exposure and were used for RNA sequencing. RESULTS: In the cold exposure experiment, expression levels of 14 genes were significantly changed [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] although the degree of transcriptional changes was not high due to experimental conditions or blunted transcriptional reaction in saliva to cold stress. As a result, differential gene expression analyses detected the cathepsin L (CTSL) gene to be significantly upregulated, with FDR < 0.05 and log(2) fold change value > 1; thus, this gene was identified as a differentially expressed gene. Given that the cathepsin L protein is related to invasion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), mild cold stress might alter the susceptibility to coronavirus disease-19 in humans. The gene ontology enrichment analysis for 14 genes with FDR < 0.05 suggested that immune-related molecules could be activated by mild cold stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained from this study indicate that CTSL expression levels can be altered by acute mild cold stress. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9. BioMed Central 2021-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8533667/ /pubmed/34686211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Yasukochi, Yoshiki Shin, Sora Wakabayashi, Hitoshi Maeda, Takafumi Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title | Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title_full | Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title_fullStr | Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title_full_unstemmed | Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title_short | Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults |
title_sort | upregulation of cathepsin l gene under mild cold conditions in young japanese male adults |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8533667/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34686211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9 |
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