Cargando…
Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interact...
Autores principales: | , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535358/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34679089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258235 |
_version_ | 1784587764426080256 |
---|---|
author | Dávila-Lara, Alberto Rahman-Soad, Asifur Reichelt, Michael Mithöfer, Axel |
author_facet | Dávila-Lara, Alberto Rahman-Soad, Asifur Reichelt, Michael Mithöfer, Axel |
author_sort | Dávila-Lara, Alberto |
collection | PubMed |
description | Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interaction of a pitcher plant, Nepenthes x ventrata, with a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, using a combination of LC/MS-based chemical analytics, choice and feeding assays. Chemical defenses in N. x ventrata leaves were analyzed upon S. littoralis feeding. A naphthoquinone, plumbagin, was identified in Nepenthes defense against herbivores and as the compound mainly responsible for the finding that S. littoralis larvae gained almost no weight when feeding on Nepenthes leaves. Plumbagin is constitutively present but further 3-fold increased upon long-term (> 1 day) feeding. Moreover, in parallel de novo induced trypsin protease inhibitor (TI) activity was identified. In contrast to TI activity, enhanced plumbagin levels were not phytohormone inducible, not even by defense-related jasmonates although upon herbivory their level increased more than 50-fold in the case of the bioactive jasmonic acid-isoleucine. We conclude that Nepenthes is efficiently protected against insect herbivores by naphthoquinones acting as phytoanticipins, which is supported by additional inducible defenses. The regulation of these defenses remains to be investigated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8535358 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85353582021-10-23 Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory Dávila-Lara, Alberto Rahman-Soad, Asifur Reichelt, Michael Mithöfer, Axel PLoS One Research Article Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interaction of a pitcher plant, Nepenthes x ventrata, with a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, using a combination of LC/MS-based chemical analytics, choice and feeding assays. Chemical defenses in N. x ventrata leaves were analyzed upon S. littoralis feeding. A naphthoquinone, plumbagin, was identified in Nepenthes defense against herbivores and as the compound mainly responsible for the finding that S. littoralis larvae gained almost no weight when feeding on Nepenthes leaves. Plumbagin is constitutively present but further 3-fold increased upon long-term (> 1 day) feeding. Moreover, in parallel de novo induced trypsin protease inhibitor (TI) activity was identified. In contrast to TI activity, enhanced plumbagin levels were not phytohormone inducible, not even by defense-related jasmonates although upon herbivory their level increased more than 50-fold in the case of the bioactive jasmonic acid-isoleucine. We conclude that Nepenthes is efficiently protected against insect herbivores by naphthoquinones acting as phytoanticipins, which is supported by additional inducible defenses. The regulation of these defenses remains to be investigated. Public Library of Science 2021-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8535358/ /pubmed/34679089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258235 Text en © 2021 Dávila-Lara et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Dávila-Lara, Alberto Rahman-Soad, Asifur Reichelt, Michael Mithöfer, Axel Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title | Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title_full | Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title_fullStr | Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title_full_unstemmed | Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title_short | Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
title_sort | carnivorous nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535358/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34679089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258235 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT davilalaraalberto carnivorousnepenthesxventrataplantsuseanaphthoquinoneasphytoanticipinagainstherbivory AT rahmansoadasifur carnivorousnepenthesxventrataplantsuseanaphthoquinoneasphytoanticipinagainstherbivory AT reicheltmichael carnivorousnepenthesxventrataplantsuseanaphthoquinoneasphytoanticipinagainstherbivory AT mithoferaxel carnivorousnepenthesxventrataplantsuseanaphthoquinoneasphytoanticipinagainstherbivory |