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Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division
Cell division of unicellular microalgae is a fascinating process of proliferation, at which whole organelles are regenerated and distributed to two new lives. We performed dynamic live cell imaging of Euglena gracilis using optical microscopy to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537169/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34685814 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102004 |
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author | Ozasa, Kazunari Kang, Hyunwoong Song, Simon Tamaki, Shun Shinomura, Tomoko Maeda, Mizuo |
author_facet | Ozasa, Kazunari Kang, Hyunwoong Song, Simon Tamaki, Shun Shinomura, Tomoko Maeda, Mizuo |
author_sort | Ozasa, Kazunari |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cell division of unicellular microalgae is a fascinating process of proliferation, at which whole organelles are regenerated and distributed to two new lives. We performed dynamic live cell imaging of Euglena gracilis using optical microscopy to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the eyespot and flagellum during cell division and distribution of the organelles into the two daughter cells. Single cells of the wild type (WT) and colorless SM-ZK cells were confined in a microfluidic device, and the appearance of the eyespot (stigma) and emergent flagellum was tracked in sequential video-recorded images obtained by automatic cell tracking and focusing. We examined 12 SM-ZK and 10 WT cells and deduced that the eyespot diminished in size and disappeared at an early stage of cell division and remained undetected for 26–97 min (62 min on average, 22 min in deviation). Subsequently, two small eyespots appeared and were distributed into the two daughter cells. Additionally, the emergent flagellum gradually shortened to zero-length, and two flagella emerged from the anterior ends of the daughter cells. Our observation revealed that the eyespot and flagellum of E. gracilis are degraded once in the cell division, and the carotenoids in the eyespot are also decomposed. Subsequently, the two eyespots/flagella are regenerated for distribution into daughter cells. As a logical conclusion, the two daughter cells generated from a single cell division possess the equivalent organelles and each E. gracilis cell has eternal or non-finite life span. The two newly regenerated eyespot and flagellum grow at different rates and mature at different timings in the two daughter cells, resulting in diverse cell characteristics in E. gracilis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8537169 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85371692021-10-24 Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division Ozasa, Kazunari Kang, Hyunwoong Song, Simon Tamaki, Shun Shinomura, Tomoko Maeda, Mizuo Plants (Basel) Article Cell division of unicellular microalgae is a fascinating process of proliferation, at which whole organelles are regenerated and distributed to two new lives. We performed dynamic live cell imaging of Euglena gracilis using optical microscopy to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the eyespot and flagellum during cell division and distribution of the organelles into the two daughter cells. Single cells of the wild type (WT) and colorless SM-ZK cells were confined in a microfluidic device, and the appearance of the eyespot (stigma) and emergent flagellum was tracked in sequential video-recorded images obtained by automatic cell tracking and focusing. We examined 12 SM-ZK and 10 WT cells and deduced that the eyespot diminished in size and disappeared at an early stage of cell division and remained undetected for 26–97 min (62 min on average, 22 min in deviation). Subsequently, two small eyespots appeared and were distributed into the two daughter cells. Additionally, the emergent flagellum gradually shortened to zero-length, and two flagella emerged from the anterior ends of the daughter cells. Our observation revealed that the eyespot and flagellum of E. gracilis are degraded once in the cell division, and the carotenoids in the eyespot are also decomposed. Subsequently, the two eyespots/flagella are regenerated for distribution into daughter cells. As a logical conclusion, the two daughter cells generated from a single cell division possess the equivalent organelles and each E. gracilis cell has eternal or non-finite life span. The two newly regenerated eyespot and flagellum grow at different rates and mature at different timings in the two daughter cells, resulting in diverse cell characteristics in E. gracilis. MDPI 2021-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8537169/ /pubmed/34685814 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102004 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Ozasa, Kazunari Kang, Hyunwoong Song, Simon Tamaki, Shun Shinomura, Tomoko Maeda, Mizuo Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title | Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title_full | Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title_fullStr | Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title_full_unstemmed | Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title_short | Regeneration of the Eyespot and Flagellum in Euglena gracilis during Cell Division |
title_sort | regeneration of the eyespot and flagellum in euglena gracilis during cell division |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537169/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34685814 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102004 |
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