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Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells
Of the most prevalent issues surrounding long-term spaceflight, the sustainability of human life and the maintenance of homeostasis in an extreme environment are of utmost concern. It has been observed that the human immune system is dysregulated in space as a result of gravitational unloading at th...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537592/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34685414 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11101043 |
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author | Dhar, Sarit Kaeley, Dilpreet Kaur Kanan, Mohamad Jalal Yildirim-Ayan, Eda |
author_facet | Dhar, Sarit Kaeley, Dilpreet Kaur Kanan, Mohamad Jalal Yildirim-Ayan, Eda |
author_sort | Dhar, Sarit |
collection | PubMed |
description | Of the most prevalent issues surrounding long-term spaceflight, the sustainability of human life and the maintenance of homeostasis in an extreme environment are of utmost concern. It has been observed that the human immune system is dysregulated in space as a result of gravitational unloading at the cellular level, leading to potential complications in astronaut health. A plethora of studies demonstrate intracellular changes that occur due to microgravity; however, these ultimately fall short of identifying the underlying mechanisms and dysfunctions that cause such changes. This comprehensive review covers the changes in human adaptive immunity due to microgravity. Specifically, there is a focus on uncovering the gravisensitive steps in T cell signaling pathways. Changes in gravitational force may lead to interrupted immune signaling cascades at specific junctions, particularly membrane and surface receptor-proximal molecules. Holistically studying the interplay of signaling with morphological changes in cytoskeleton and other cell components may yield answers to what in the T cell specifically experiences the consequences of microgravity. Fully understanding the nature of this problem is essential in order to develop proper countermeasures before long-term space flight is conducted. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8537592 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85375922021-10-24 Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells Dhar, Sarit Kaeley, Dilpreet Kaur Kanan, Mohamad Jalal Yildirim-Ayan, Eda Life (Basel) Review Of the most prevalent issues surrounding long-term spaceflight, the sustainability of human life and the maintenance of homeostasis in an extreme environment are of utmost concern. It has been observed that the human immune system is dysregulated in space as a result of gravitational unloading at the cellular level, leading to potential complications in astronaut health. A plethora of studies demonstrate intracellular changes that occur due to microgravity; however, these ultimately fall short of identifying the underlying mechanisms and dysfunctions that cause such changes. This comprehensive review covers the changes in human adaptive immunity due to microgravity. Specifically, there is a focus on uncovering the gravisensitive steps in T cell signaling pathways. Changes in gravitational force may lead to interrupted immune signaling cascades at specific junctions, particularly membrane and surface receptor-proximal molecules. Holistically studying the interplay of signaling with morphological changes in cytoskeleton and other cell components may yield answers to what in the T cell specifically experiences the consequences of microgravity. Fully understanding the nature of this problem is essential in order to develop proper countermeasures before long-term space flight is conducted. MDPI 2021-10-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8537592/ /pubmed/34685414 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11101043 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Dhar, Sarit Kaeley, Dilpreet Kaur Kanan, Mohamad Jalal Yildirim-Ayan, Eda Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title | Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title_full | Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title_fullStr | Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title_full_unstemmed | Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title_short | Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells |
title_sort | mechano-immunomodulation in space: mechanisms involving microgravity-induced changes in t cells |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537592/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34685414 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11101043 |
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