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What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake?
Coupling energy intake (EI) to increases in energy expenditure (EE) may be adaptively, compensatorily, or maladaptively leading to weight gain. This narrative review examines if functioning of the homeostatic responses depends on the type of physiological perturbations in EE (e.g., due to exercise,...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8539813/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34684509 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103508 |
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author | Bosy-Westphal, Anja Hägele, Franziska A. Müller, Manfred J. |
author_facet | Bosy-Westphal, Anja Hägele, Franziska A. Müller, Manfred J. |
author_sort | Bosy-Westphal, Anja |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coupling energy intake (EI) to increases in energy expenditure (EE) may be adaptively, compensatorily, or maladaptively leading to weight gain. This narrative review examines if functioning of the homeostatic responses depends on the type of physiological perturbations in EE (e.g., due to exercise, sleep, temperature, or growth), or if it is influenced by protein intake, or the extent, duration, timing, and frequency of EE. As different measures to increase EE could convey discrepant neuronal or humoral signals that help to control food intake, the coupling of EI to EE could be tight or loose, which implies that some ways to increase EE may have advantages for body weight regulation. Exercise, physical activity, heat exposure, and a high protein intake favor weight loss, whereas an increase in EE due to cold exposure or sleep loss likely contributes to an overcompensation of EI, especially in vulnerable thrifty phenotypes, as well as under obesogenic environmental conditions, such as energy dense high fat—high carbohydrate diets. Irrespective of the type of EE, transient elevations in the metabolic rate seem to be general risk factors for weight gain, because a subsequent decrease in energy requirement is not compensated by an adequate adaptation of appetite and EI. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8539813 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85398132021-10-24 What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? Bosy-Westphal, Anja Hägele, Franziska A. Müller, Manfred J. Nutrients Review Coupling energy intake (EI) to increases in energy expenditure (EE) may be adaptively, compensatorily, or maladaptively leading to weight gain. This narrative review examines if functioning of the homeostatic responses depends on the type of physiological perturbations in EE (e.g., due to exercise, sleep, temperature, or growth), or if it is influenced by protein intake, or the extent, duration, timing, and frequency of EE. As different measures to increase EE could convey discrepant neuronal or humoral signals that help to control food intake, the coupling of EI to EE could be tight or loose, which implies that some ways to increase EE may have advantages for body weight regulation. Exercise, physical activity, heat exposure, and a high protein intake favor weight loss, whereas an increase in EE due to cold exposure or sleep loss likely contributes to an overcompensation of EI, especially in vulnerable thrifty phenotypes, as well as under obesogenic environmental conditions, such as energy dense high fat—high carbohydrate diets. Irrespective of the type of EE, transient elevations in the metabolic rate seem to be general risk factors for weight gain, because a subsequent decrease in energy requirement is not compensated by an adequate adaptation of appetite and EI. MDPI 2021-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8539813/ /pubmed/34684509 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103508 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Bosy-Westphal, Anja Hägele, Franziska A. Müller, Manfred J. What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title | What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title_full | What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title_fullStr | What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title_full_unstemmed | What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title_short | What Is the Impact of Energy Expenditure on Energy Intake? |
title_sort | what is the impact of energy expenditure on energy intake? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8539813/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34684509 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103508 |
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