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Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian ori...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Cáceres, C. Joaquín, Rajao, Daniela S., Perez, Daniel R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8540072/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34696349
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101919
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author Cáceres, C. Joaquín
Rajao, Daniela S.
Perez, Daniel R.
author_facet Cáceres, C. Joaquín
Rajao, Daniela S.
Perez, Daniel R.
author_sort Cáceres, C. Joaquín
collection PubMed
description Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype, which circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world, have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. In this review, we discuss the mammalian transmission of H9N2 and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover, focusing on the HA segment. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species. The summarized information shows that minimal amino acid changes in the HA and/or the combination of H9N2 surface genes with internal genes of human influenza viruses are enough for the generation of H9N2 viruses with the ability to transmit via aerosol.
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spelling pubmed-85400722021-10-24 Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals Cáceres, C. Joaquín Rajao, Daniela S. Perez, Daniel R. Viruses Review Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype, which circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world, have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. In this review, we discuss the mammalian transmission of H9N2 and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover, focusing on the HA segment. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species. The summarized information shows that minimal amino acid changes in the HA and/or the combination of H9N2 surface genes with internal genes of human influenza viruses are enough for the generation of H9N2 viruses with the ability to transmit via aerosol. MDPI 2021-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8540072/ /pubmed/34696349 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101919 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Cáceres, C. Joaquín
Rajao, Daniela S.
Perez, Daniel R.
Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title_full Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title_fullStr Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title_full_unstemmed Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title_short Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals
title_sort airborne transmission of avian origin h9n2 influenza a viruses in mammals
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8540072/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34696349
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101919
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