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Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods
Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectiv...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8540339/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34679009 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100716 |
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author | Hammoud, Noura Alice Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki Kaloudis, Triantafyllos Christophoridis, Christophoros Paraskevopoulou, Aikaterina Triantis, Theodoros M. Slim, Kamal Szpunar, Joanna Fadel, Ali Lobinski, Ryszard Hiskia, Anastasia |
author_facet | Hammoud, Noura Alice Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki Kaloudis, Triantafyllos Christophoridis, Christophoros Paraskevopoulou, Aikaterina Triantis, Theodoros M. Slim, Kamal Szpunar, Joanna Fadel, Ali Lobinski, Ryszard Hiskia, Anastasia |
author_sort | Hammoud, Noura Alice |
collection | PubMed |
description | Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectively. Here, we communicate for the first time results from a recent investigation by LC-MS/MS covering multiple cyanotoxins (microcystins (MCs), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin) in water and fish collected between 2019 and 2020. Eleven MCs were identified reaching concentrations of 211 and 199 μg/L for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively. Cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and nodularin were not detected. The determination of the total MCs was also carried out by ELISA and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay yielding comparable results. Molecular detection of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA) and biosynthetic genes of toxins were carried out by qPCR. Untargeted screening analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of T&O compounds, such as β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, nonanal and dimethylsulfides that contribute to unpleasant odors in water. The determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, mostly dichloromethane and toluene. The findings are important to develop future monitoring schemes in order to assess the risks from cyanobacterial blooms with regard to the lake’s ecosystem and its uses. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8540339 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85403392021-10-24 Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods Hammoud, Noura Alice Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki Kaloudis, Triantafyllos Christophoridis, Christophoros Paraskevopoulou, Aikaterina Triantis, Theodoros M. Slim, Kamal Szpunar, Joanna Fadel, Ali Lobinski, Ryszard Hiskia, Anastasia Toxins (Basel) Communication Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectively. Here, we communicate for the first time results from a recent investigation by LC-MS/MS covering multiple cyanotoxins (microcystins (MCs), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin) in water and fish collected between 2019 and 2020. Eleven MCs were identified reaching concentrations of 211 and 199 μg/L for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively. Cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and nodularin were not detected. The determination of the total MCs was also carried out by ELISA and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay yielding comparable results. Molecular detection of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA) and biosynthetic genes of toxins were carried out by qPCR. Untargeted screening analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of T&O compounds, such as β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, nonanal and dimethylsulfides that contribute to unpleasant odors in water. The determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, mostly dichloromethane and toluene. The findings are important to develop future monitoring schemes in order to assess the risks from cyanobacterial blooms with regard to the lake’s ecosystem and its uses. MDPI 2021-10-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8540339/ /pubmed/34679009 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100716 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Communication Hammoud, Noura Alice Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki Kaloudis, Triantafyllos Christophoridis, Christophoros Paraskevopoulou, Aikaterina Triantis, Theodoros M. Slim, Kamal Szpunar, Joanna Fadel, Ali Lobinski, Ryszard Hiskia, Anastasia Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title_full | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title_fullStr | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title_short | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
title_sort | investigation of the occurrence of cyanotoxins in lake karaoun (lebanon) by mass spectrometry, bioassays and molecular methods |
topic | Communication |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8540339/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34679009 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100716 |
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