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Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations
A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human pr...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8541186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34696529 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102099 |
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author | Blahove, Maria Raisa Carter, James Richard |
author_facet | Blahove, Maria Raisa Carter, James Richard |
author_sort | Blahove, Maria Raisa |
collection | PubMed |
description | A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wildlife continues to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles of defective virus particles, autophagy and/or apoptosis-induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present findings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non-structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral persistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8541186 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85411862021-10-24 Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations Blahove, Maria Raisa Carter, James Richard Viruses Review A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wildlife continues to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles of defective virus particles, autophagy and/or apoptosis-induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present findings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non-structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral persistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals. MDPI 2021-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8541186/ /pubmed/34696529 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102099 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Blahove, Maria Raisa Carter, James Richard Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title | Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title_full | Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title_fullStr | Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title_full_unstemmed | Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title_short | Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations |
title_sort | flavivirus persistence in wildlife populations |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8541186/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34696529 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102099 |
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