Numerical Study on Generalized Heat and Mass in Casson Fluid with Hybrid Nanostructures

The rheological model for yield stress exhibiting fluid and the basic laws for fluid flow and transport of heat and mass are used for the formulation of problems associated with the enhancement of heat and mass due to dispersion of nanoparticles in Casson. The heat and mass transfer obey non-Fourier’s laws and the generalized Fick’s law, respectively. Model problems are incorporated by thermal relaxation times for heat and mass. Transfer of heat energy and relaxation time are inversely proportional, and the same is the case for mass transport and concentration relaxation time. A porous medium force is responsible for controlling the momentum thickness. The yield stress parameter and diffusion of momentum in Casson fluid are noticed to be inversely proportional with each other. The concentration gradient enhances the energy transfer, and temperature gradient causes an enhancement diffusion of solute in Casson fluid. FEM provides convergent solutions. The relaxation time phenomenon is responsible for the restoration of thermal and solutal changes. Due to that, the thermal and solutal equilibrium states can be restored. The phenomenon of yield stress is responsible for controlling the momentum boundary layer thickness. A porous medium exerts a retarding force on the flow, and therefore, a deceleration in flow is observed. The thermal efficiency of [Formula: see text] Casson fluid is greater than the thermal efficiency of [Formula: see text] Casson fluid.