Adherence to index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI trajectory during the transition to adolescence: the EPOCH study

BACKGROUND: In the United States, one in five adolescents are obese. Index-based dietary patterns are measures of the overall diet that have the potential to serve as valuable obesity risk stratification tools. However, little is known about the association between adherence to index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI during the transition from childhood to adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the relationship between adherence to three index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI trajectory during the transition to adolescence. METHODS: The study included 581 children enrolled in a Colorado prospective cohort study conducted between 2006 and 2015. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block Kids Food Frequency Questionnaire at age 10 years. Scores were calculated for the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the alternate Mediterranean (aMED) diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Weight and height were assessed via anthropometry at two research visits (ages 10 and 16 years), with interim clinical measurements extracted from Kaiser Permanente medical records. Separate mixed models were used to assess the association between each diet index score and BMI over a 6-year period. Models were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, income, and exposure to gestational diabetes. RESULTS: Median (IQR) number of BMI assessments was 14 (10–18). Among girls, for every ten-unit increase in HEI-2010 score, there was an average 0.64 kg/m(2) decrease (p=0.007) in BMI over time, after adjustment for covariates. Among girls, there was no association between BMI and aMED (β=−0.19, p=0.24) or DASH (β=.28, p=0.38). Among boys, there was no statistically significant association between BMI and HEI-2010 (0.06, p=0.83), aMED (0.07, p=0.70) or DASH (0.42, p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to prevent adolescent obesity could benefit from considering the degree of adherence to federal dietary guidance, as assessed by the HEI, in the period preceding adolescence, especially among girls.