In vitro mature embryo culture protocol of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat under boron stress

Mature embryos of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat were used for callus induction on media containing four different doses (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg L(−1)) of 2,4-D and dicamba supplemented with five different boron concentrations (0, 6.2, 12.4, 24.8, and 37.2 mg L(−1)). The obtained callus was transferred to culture media with three (0, 0.5, and 2 mg L(−1)) different BAP doses with five boron concentrations for further regeneration. The maximum callus weight in einkorn wheat was in culture media with 1 mg L(−1) dicamba and 6.2 mg L(−1) (3.71 ± 0.13 g). Bread wheat had the maximum callus weight on culture media with 4 mg L(−1) dicamba and 12.4 mg L(−1) (3.46 ± 0.40 g). The highest plantlet numbers were in only 2 mg L(−1) BAP (2.92 ± 0.88) for einkorn wheat and 0.5 mg L(−1) BAP supplemented with 6.2 mg L(−1) boron (3.71 ± 1.12) for bread wheat. This indirect regeneration protocol using mature embryos of einkorn and bread wheat under boron stresses expected to be useful for future wheat breeding studies.