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Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space
Personal space has been defined as “the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort”. However, the precise relationship between discomfort (or arousal) responses as a function of distance from an observer remains incompletely understood. A...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8545955/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34697390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99578-1 |
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author | Tootell, Roger B. H. Zapetis, Sarah L. Babadi, Baktash Nasiriavanaki, Zahra Hughes, Dylan E. Mueser, Kim Otto, Michael Pace-Schott, Ed Holt, Daphne J. |
author_facet | Tootell, Roger B. H. Zapetis, Sarah L. Babadi, Baktash Nasiriavanaki, Zahra Hughes, Dylan E. Mueser, Kim Otto, Michael Pace-Schott, Ed Holt, Daphne J. |
author_sort | Tootell, Roger B. H. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Personal space has been defined as “the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort”. However, the precise relationship between discomfort (or arousal) responses as a function of distance from an observer remains incompletely understood. Also the mechanisms involved in recognizing conspecifics and distinguishing them from other objects within personal space have not been identified. Accordingly, here we measured personal space preferences in response to real humans and human-like avatars (in virtual reality), using well-validated “stop distance” procedures. Based on threshold measurements of personal space, we examined within-subject variations in discomfort-related responses across multiple distances (spanning inside and outside each individual’s personal space boundary), as reflected by psychological (ratings) and physiological (skin conductance) responses to both humans and avatars. We found that the discomfort-by-distance functions for both humans and avatars were closely fit by a power law. These results suggest that the brain computation of visually-defined personal space begins with a ‘rough sketch’ stage, which generates responses to a broad range of human-like stimuli, in addition to humans. Analogous processing mechanisms may underlie other brain functions which respond similarly to both real and simulated human body parts. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8545955 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85459552021-10-27 Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space Tootell, Roger B. H. Zapetis, Sarah L. Babadi, Baktash Nasiriavanaki, Zahra Hughes, Dylan E. Mueser, Kim Otto, Michael Pace-Schott, Ed Holt, Daphne J. Sci Rep Article Personal space has been defined as “the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort”. However, the precise relationship between discomfort (or arousal) responses as a function of distance from an observer remains incompletely understood. Also the mechanisms involved in recognizing conspecifics and distinguishing them from other objects within personal space have not been identified. Accordingly, here we measured personal space preferences in response to real humans and human-like avatars (in virtual reality), using well-validated “stop distance” procedures. Based on threshold measurements of personal space, we examined within-subject variations in discomfort-related responses across multiple distances (spanning inside and outside each individual’s personal space boundary), as reflected by psychological (ratings) and physiological (skin conductance) responses to both humans and avatars. We found that the discomfort-by-distance functions for both humans and avatars were closely fit by a power law. These results suggest that the brain computation of visually-defined personal space begins with a ‘rough sketch’ stage, which generates responses to a broad range of human-like stimuli, in addition to humans. Analogous processing mechanisms may underlie other brain functions which respond similarly to both real and simulated human body parts. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8545955/ /pubmed/34697390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99578-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Tootell, Roger B. H. Zapetis, Sarah L. Babadi, Baktash Nasiriavanaki, Zahra Hughes, Dylan E. Mueser, Kim Otto, Michael Pace-Schott, Ed Holt, Daphne J. Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title | Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title_full | Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title_fullStr | Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title_full_unstemmed | Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title_short | Psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘Rough Sketch’ calculation of personal space |
title_sort | psychological and physiological evidence for an initial ‘rough sketch’ calculation of personal space |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8545955/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34697390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99578-1 |
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